Only issue is the 9v battery life. With 3 batteries in series from my test it only lasted for a day (4 hours). That can get pretty expensive considering. Drill a hole in a the 1.25 inch PVC cap for the button. The size needed will be different for whichever button you use. Connect the speaker wires to the sprinkler valve. The positive and negative do not matter for the valve. Never allow anyone to put their face near the launch tube. Air expelled from the tube, if forced into someone's nose or mouth, is powerful enough to cause the lungs to rupture. This is very serious. Tell your students about this and they will be frightened enough to never get near the tip of the launch tube.

Caidin, Martin. Wings into Space: The History and Future of Winged Space Flight. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1964.Wood, Derek. Project Cancelled: The Disaster of Britain's Abandoned Aircraft Projects. London, UK: Jane's, 2nd edition, 1986. ISBN 0-7106-0441-6.

Bachem, Erich. "Einige grundsätzliche Probleme des Senkrechstarts. Probleme aus der Astronautischen Grundlagenforschung" (in German). Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Astronautics. Stuttgart: Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung, September 1952.Geiger, Clarence J. History of the X-20A Dyna-Soar. Vol. 1: AFSC Historical Publications Series 63-50-I, Document ID ASD-TR-63-50-I. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Aeronautical Systems Division Information Office, 1963. I built 3 of your 2in design (slightly tweaked to accommodate a pop-off valve and a pressure valve). I will be taking them to a park and testing them today. Going to test old launcher vs new launcher at various PSIs and outlet/pipe sizes (1/2in or 3/4in). Cut two 13 inch long pieces of 2 inch pressure PVC pipe. These will make up the main portion of the compression chamber. I used a simple strap and a 1"x2" piece of wood to secure the solenoid valve and keep it level with the rest of the body.

Have a countdown before each launch as a way to alert people in the area (and to make each launch more exciting!) One of my cleanup tasks is to try to manage the battery life/solenoid lifecycle risk a bit better. I am not going to mangle the explanation here, but rather link to a good source on it: https://rayshobby.net/wordpress/understanding-24va... The punchline being this: "the issue is that under DC there is no reactance, so the coil’s inductance plays no effect at limiting the current" -- this observation means that the solenoids can easily overheat or burn up sending them VDC if we hold down the button too long (at least this is my understanding). Winchester, Jim. "TSR.2." Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. ISBN 978-1-84013-809-2. Belyakov, R. A.; Marmain, J. (1994). MiG: fifty years of secret aircraft design. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife. pp.110–112. ISBN 1-85310-488-4. I modified the input side to connect a pop-off and the valve stem. Doing it this way allows the rest of the design to stay the same, but it does make the design more expensive and larger.Measure the circumference of the widest part of a small inflated balloon with a tape. After performing the experiment, measure the distance traveled by setting a ruler along the straight string. Repeat with bigger balloons having greater circumferences at their centers. Tabulate the results and plot it on a graph taking the circumference (or radius) along the X-axis. How does it change? Esplora il significato del termine: Cattaneo: pioniere del volo, incompreso in patriaCattaneo: pioniere del volo, incompreso in patria". archiviostorico.corriere.it. 2004. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22.

Spaceflight engineers and mission planners often refer to the " Delta-v" required to accomplish a specific flight maneuver, such as a change in orbit. Strictly speaking, the term Delta-v means change in velocity, but engineers use it specifically as a measure of the amount of impulse, or thrust force over time, needed to accomplish a maneuver. Broadly speaking, missions are planned around a "Delta-v budget" — how much thrust they can generate for how long using the spacecraft's onboard fuel supplies. Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. ISBN 1-55750-082-7. A final update here: we had two launch events and the new launchers were wonderful! they upped the fun factor by like 3-4x! Thanks so much for your work here! So, be careful. Wrap the device in a heavy blanket or a shield that will contain any potential shrapnel. I really don't think duct tape is sufficient; it can fail too. This is especially important if the device is a few years old. It was the pipe cap that failed, not the glue, and I think the point of failure was where the inflating nozzle entered the cap; i.e., the hole that was drilled weakened the integrity of the PVC pipe cap. I used an 80 PSI pop-off (also called a safety relief pressure valve). 80 PSI should be more than enough pressure, since the two inch pipe designed launchers never really need to go above 30 PSI.Matranga, Gene J., C. Wayne Ottinger and Calvin R. Jarvis with C. Christian Gelzer. "Aerospace History #35 NASA SP-2004-4535: Unconventional, Contrary, and Ugly: The Lunar Landing Research Vehicle." NASA, 2005. Jones, Andrew (26 April 2019). "Chinese firms Space Transportation and Linkspace test reusable launcher technologies". spacenews.com. Never allow students to use the launcher unsupervised. Disable the launcher by removing the battery (or pump or launch tube) if you have to leave the launcher unsupervised. I found most of the parts at Lowe's. With the exception of the Tee connectors and the SCH80 nipples, everything else was available at Home Depot as well.