Reactivation of endogenous MeCP2, BDNF overexpression, and pharmacological and environmental interventions can rescue some aspects of Rett-like pathology [ 196]. GABA ARs are known to affect learning, memory, anxiety, depression, and epilepsy, all of which are disrupted in FXS. Moreover, PV-cells form numerous synapses onto the somata of pyramidal cells, which in turn enrich these sites with GABA A receptors containing the α1-subunit [ 11, 70, 74, 78, 83].

As for unisensory modality processing, MSI seems to be disrupted in a variety of ways depending on the study, including enhanced, decreased, or altered in some fashion. Multiple studies from different groups have shown that the resulting offspring exhibit developmental, behavioral, molecular, and anatomical changes comparable to human autism symptoms [ 173]. This study suggests that disruption of MeCP2 exclusively in inhibitory neurons is sufficient to cause Rett syndrome in mice. Although the closure of the OD critical period is tightly regulated, transplanting immature GABAergic cells into the visual cortex can reallow OD plasticity later in life [ 91]. This makes PV-cells perfectly situated to detect changes in sensory input, to regulate the spiking of excitatory pyramidal cells, and to synchronize brain regions [ 84– 86].

FMRP is an mRNA binding protein that regulates the translation and transport of many synaptic proteins that are important for activity-dependent plasticity. A general feature of these Rett syndrome mouse models is disrupted excitation, shown by reduced dendritic spine number [ 137, 138], reduced spontaneous activity due to reduced mEPSC amplitude [ 192], and minor LTP deficits early in life due to reduced excitatory synaptic connectivity that progressively worsens with age [ 191, 193].

Flushtec® makes our pads 15% more absorbent than the market leader, yet it only breaks down when you flush. Fluus pads are designed to break down through flushing, and so a bin may not provide the right conditions for them to fully biodegrade.The authors suggest that this could account for the cognitive, behavioral, and epileptic symptoms of AS. Olivia explains: ‘It’s essentially like a one-way system so when you have the pad and put it on your underwear, you’ll bleed from the top-down.

Based on the observation that wildtype GABAergic neurons express 50% more MeCP2 than wildtype non-GABAergic cells, a conditional mutant mouse was generated where MeCP2 was exclusively disrupted in GABAergic cells using a VGAT-Cre mouse line [ 195]. CAMs can determine the identity and function of synapses, thereby having a direct influence on E/I balance. We will touch on a few examples of altered sensory processing in the auditory, somatosensory, visual, and multisensory integration areas from the human autism literature.The transcription of Ube3a is normally regulated by synaptic activity and ultimately regulates excitatory synapse development. She adds: ‘It really came to me when I was on the train and that floating voice that comes out that says you can’t flush anything down the toilet, and I was like “well why can’t you?