PURATEN LED Plant Grow Light Strips, 90LEDs 3 Light Bar Plant Light Full Spectrum LED Grow Lamp with Auto Timer 4/8/12H, 5 Dimmable Level for Indoor Plants Hydroponic(size:uk plug)

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PURATEN LED Plant Grow Light Strips, 90LEDs 3 Light Bar Plant Light Full Spectrum LED Grow Lamp with Auto Timer 4/8/12H, 5 Dimmable Level for Indoor Plants Hydroponic(size:uk plug)

PURATEN LED Plant Grow Light Strips, 90LEDs 3 Light Bar Plant Light Full Spectrum LED Grow Lamp with Auto Timer 4/8/12H, 5 Dimmable Level for Indoor Plants Hydroponic(size:uk plug)

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The Puritan migration was overwhelmingly a migration of families (unlike other migrations to early America, which were composed largely of young unattached men). The literacy rate was high, and the intensity of devotional life, as recorded in the many surviving diaries, sermon notes, poems and letters, was seldom to be matched in American life. The episcopalians (known as the prelatical party) were conservatives who supported retaining bishops if those leaders supported reform and agreed to share power with local churches. [72] They also supported the idea of having a Book of Common Prayer, but they were against demanding strict conformity or having too much ceremony. In addition, these Puritans called for a renewal of preaching, pastoral care and Christian discipline within the Church of England. [54] Puritans in both England and New England believed that the state should protect and promote true religion and that religion should influence politics and social life. [107] [108] Certain holidays were outlawed when Puritans came to power. In 1647, Parliament outlawed the celebration of Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide. [109] Puritans strongly condemned the celebration of Christmas, considering it a Catholic invention and the "trappings of popery" or the "rags of the Beast". [110] They also objected to Christmas because the festivities surrounding the holiday were seen as impious (English jails were usually filled with drunken revelers and brawlers). [111] During the years that the Puritan ban on Christmas was in place, semi-clandestine religious services marking Christ's birth continued to be held, and people sang carols in secret. [112] Following the restoration in 1660, when Puritan legislation was declared null and void, Christmas was again freely celebrated in England. [112] Christmas was outlawed in Boston from 1659. [113] The ban was revoked in 1681 by the English-appointed governor Edmund Andros, who also revoked a Puritan ban on festivities on Saturday nights. [113] Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. [114] Four Quakers, known as the Boston martyrs, were executed. The first two of the four Boston martyrs were executed by the Puritans on 27 October 1659, and in memory of this, 27 October is now International Religious Freedom Day to recognise the importance of freedom of religion. [144] In 1660, one of the most notable victims of the religious intolerance was English Quaker Mary Dyer, who was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony. [143] The hanging of Dyer on Boston Common marked the beginning of the end of the Puritan theocracy. [145] In 1661, King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. [145] In 1684, England revoked the Massachusetts charter, sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686 and, in 1689, passed a broad Toleration Act. [145]

Carpenter, John B. (Winter 2003). "New England's Puritan Century: Three Generations of Continuity in the City upon a Hill". Fides et Historia. The Conference on Faith and History. 35 (1): 41–58. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022. From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered". The Stage.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020 . Retrieved 17 December 2020. This depiction of Aurangzeb, and the larger Mughal Empire, was articulated by the British in the early days of colonial rule. Alexander Dow, Scottish orientalist and writer, in his 1772 book The History of Hindostan writes that “the faith of Mahommed is peculiarly calculated for despotism; and it is one of the greatest causes which must fix for ever the duration of that species of government in the East.” For him, and other colonial era thinkers, the solution to this despotism was the imposition of British command over India. While Indian nationalist leaders vehemently rejected the solution, many retained the fundamental characterisation.

Puritanism has attracted much scholarly attention, and as a result, the secondary literature on the subject is vast. Puritanism is considered crucial to understanding the religious, political and cultural issues of early modern England. In addition, historians such as Perry Miller have regarded Puritan New England as fundamental to understanding American culture and identity. Puritanism has also been credited with the creation of modernity itself, from England's Scientific Revolution to the rise of democracy. In the early 20th century, Max Weber argued in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that Calvinist self-denial resulted in a Protestant work ethic that led to the development of capitalism. Puritan authors such as John Milton, John Bunyan, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor continue to be read and studied as important figures within English and American literature. [149]

Puritan hegemony lasted for at least a century. That century can be broken down into three parts: the generation of John Cotton and Richard Mather, 1630–62 from the founding to the Restoration, years of virtual independence and nearly autonomous development; the generation of Increase Mather, 1662–89 from the Restoration and the Halfway Covenant to the Glorious Revolution, years of struggle with the British crown; and the generation of Cotton Mather, 1689–1728 from the overthrow of Edmund Andros (in which Cotton Mather played a part) and the new charter, mediated by Increase Mather, to the death of Cotton Mather. [37] Puritan leaders were political thinkers and writers who considered the church government to be God's agency in social life. [38] The concept of covenant was extremely important to Puritans, and covenant theology was central to their beliefs. With roots in the writings of Reformed theologians John Calvin and Heinrich Bullinger, covenant theology was further developed by Puritan theologians Dudley Fenner, William Perkins, John Preston, Richard Sibbes, William Ames and, most fully by Ames's Dutch student, Johannes Cocceius. [49] Covenant theology asserts that when God created Adam and Eve he promised them eternal life in return for perfect obedience; this promise was termed the covenant of works. After the fall of man, human nature was corrupted by original sin and unable to fulfill the covenant of works, since each person inevitably violated God's law as expressed in the Ten Commandments. As sinners, every person deserved damnation. [50]Coffey & Lim 2008, pp.83–84: "But it was not for their heterodox theology or their own open meetings that they [the Quakers] were arrested and mistreated. It was for disrupting services in what they insisted on calling ‘steeple-houses’ rather than churches; that, or for organising tithe-strikes aimed directly and specifically to undermine the state church." Perhaps most important, as Max Weber profoundly understood, was the strength of Puritanism as a way of coping with the contradictory requirements of Christian ethics in a world on the verge of modernity. It supplied ethics that somehow balanced charity and self-discipline. It counseled moderation within psychology that saw worldly prosperity as a sign of divine favor. Such ethics were particularly urgent in a New World where opportunity was rich, but the source of moral authority was obscure. together for a time as copartners in grace here, [that] they may reigne together forever as coheires in glory hereafter. [79] Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (2004) [1972]. A Religious History of the American People (2nded.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-385-11164-9. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 October 2020– via Google Books. Philip Nye (minister) was the key adviser to Oliver Cromwell on matters of religion and regulation of the Church.

The Puritans were a small minority, but they were very powerful and influential. Most came from the gentry or merchant class. They were usually well educated and successful in business. They were very determined because they believed God was on their side. The leading opponents of Charles I (including John Pym and John Hampden) were Puritans. They too were prepared to fight for their beliefs.Puritans began smuggling themselves out of England to the Netherlands where there was greater religious tolerance and a number of congregations established themselves in Amsterdam. One such congregation, in the Village of Scrooby, England, was discovered by the Anglican Archbishop Tobias Matthew (l. 1546-1628 CE) in 1607 CE, and its members were arrested and fined. The group was led by the pastor John Robinson (l. 1576-1625 CE) who afterwards resolved to go the same route others had and leave for the Netherlands. They first moved to Amsterdam but, finding dissent among the Puritan congregations too rife there, moved on to Leiden. The Merton Thesis is an argument about the nature of early experimental science proposed by Robert K. Merton. Similar to Max Weber's famous claim on the link between the Protestant work ethic and the capitalist economy, Merton argued for a similar positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism, as well as German Pietism, and early experimental science. [104] As an example, seven of 10 nucleus members of the Royal Society were Puritans. In the year 1663, 62 per cent of the members of the Royal Society were similarly identified. [105] The Merton Thesis has resulted in continuous debates. [106] Behavioral regulations [ edit ] 1659 public notice in Boston deeming Christmas illegal

Did you know? In keeping with their focus on the home, Puritan migration to the New World usually consisted of entire families, rather than the young, single men who comprised many other early European settlements. Mumbai court dismisses plea against Mamata over national anthem: Singing different from reciting certain words from it Puritans shared with other Calvinists a belief in double predestination, that some people (the elect) were destined by God to receive grace and salvation while others were destined for Hell. [51] No one, however, could merit salvation. According to covenant theology, Christ's sacrifice on the cross made possible the covenant of grace, by which those selected by God could be saved. Puritans believed in unconditional election and irresistible grace—God's grace was given freely without condition to the elect and could not be refused. [52] Conversion [ edit ]Copeland, David A. (2000). Debating the Issues in Colonial Newspapers. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.viii. ISBN 0-313-30982-5. Miller, Randall M. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313065361.



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