Clinical – EPO causes increased RBC production and increases haematocrit Analytical – increased Hct associated with inaccurate results in some POCT glucose meters The established urinary threshold level of 150 µg/mL may be reached (rarely, but possibly) in some individuals within 6-20 hours of taking some long-acting therapeutic formulations. GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) [e.g. alexamorelin, GHRP-1, GHRP-2 (pralmorelin), GHRP-3, GHRP-4, GHRP-5, GHRP-6, and examorelin (hexarelin)] Athletes should stop taking pseudoephedrine-containing medicines at least 24 hours before the start of the In-Competition period (i.e. beginning at 11:59 p.m. on the day before a Competition in which the Athlete is scheduled to participate, unless a different period was approved by WADA for a given sport). For therapeutic applications during the In-Competition period, consider the use of alternative permitted medications in consultation with a physician, or apply for a Therapeutic Use Exemption for the use of pseudoephedrine for therapeutic reasons. A “Specified Substance or Method” is that which potentially allows, under defined conditions, for a greater reduction of a sanction when an athlete tests positive for that particular substance.

Doctor, Wilhelm Knoll – a Swiss physician, administers a stimulant (Coramin) to skiers at the St. Moritz Olympic Games in 1928 Clinical – AAS is associated with polycythaemia; – rhEPO associated with increased RBC mass greater than the plasma volume, leading to an increase in haematocrit with some examples demonstrating HCTs >50% and increased reticulocytes Other substances are currently under review and may be designated as Substances of Abuse in the future

Desoxymethyltestosterone (17α-methyl-5α- androst-2-en-17β-ol and 17α-methyl-5α- androst-3-en-17β-ol)

Dedicating each day to a single theme creates a reliable work pattern and further limits the cognitive load of context switching. Vardy explains that theming offers mental clarity that allows him to focus on his family:

Human growth hormone (hGH) recognised to be part of doping regime for body builders. hGH described as the ‘fad anabolic drug’ of the Los Angeles Olympic Games

Epinephrine (adrenaline): Not prohibited in local administration, e.g. nasal, ophthalmologic, or co-administration with local anaesthetic Create a new calendar for just your Todoist tasks so you can toggle them on and off inside your calendar as you need.

The physiological basis for doping in sport and exercise

Ciba Pharmaceutical Company released Dianabol (methandrostenolone) and US sports doctor Dr John Ziegler begins experimenting with testosterone for the US weightlifting team. Efficacy of these drugs apparently spread by word of mouth during the early 1960s to other strength-intensive sports, from field events to football