Elevations of autoantibodies targeting adrenergic α1 receptor has been associated with symptoms severity in patients with POTS. [59] The selective alpha-1 agonist phenylephrine has been used successfully to enhance venous return and stroke volume in some people with POTS. [92] However, this medication may be hampered by poor oral bioavailability. [93] Pharmacologic treatments for postural tachycardia syndrome Dahan S, Tomljenovic L, Shoenfeld Y (April 2016). "Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)--A novel member of the autoimmune family". Lupus. 25 (4): 339–342. doi: 10.1177/0961203316629558. PMID 26846691.

Crnošija L, Krbot Skorić M, Adamec I, Lovrić M, Junaković A, Mišmaš A, etal. (February 2016). "Hemodynamic profile and heart rate variability in hyperadrenergic versus non-hyperadrenergic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome". Clinical Neurophysiology. 127 (2): 1639–1644. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.08.015. PMID 26386646. S2CID 6008891. a b c d e f g h i j k Grubb BP (May 2008). "Postural tachycardia syndrome". Circulation. 117 (21): 2814–2817. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.761643. PMID 18506020. POTS is most commonly diagnosed by a cardiologist (41%), cardiac electrophysiologist (15%), or neurologist (19%). [2] The average number of physicians seen before receiving diagnosis is seven, and the average delay before diagnosis is 4.7 years. [2] Diagnostic criteria [ edit ]Central Adelaide Multidisciplinary Ambulatory Consulting Service (MACS) Outpatient Service" (PDF). Government of South Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-03 . Retrieved 2017-03-03.

a b Busmer L (2011). "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: Lorna Busmer explains how nurses in primary care can recognise the symptoms of this poorly understood condition and offer effective treatment". Primary Health Care. 21 (9): 16–20. doi: 10.7748/phc2011.11.21.9.16.c8794. a b c Bogle JM, Goodman BP, Barrs DM (May 2017). "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome for the otolaryngologist". The Laryngoscope. 127 (5): 1195–1198. doi: 10.1002/lary.26269. PMID 27578452. S2CID 24233032. Li H, Zhang G, Zhou L, Nuss Z, Beel M, Hines B, etal. (October 2019). "Adrenergic Autoantibody-Induced Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Rabbits". Journal of the American Heart Association. 8 (19): e013006. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013006. PMC 6806023. PMID 31547749. More recently, autoantibodies against other targets have been identified in small cohorts of POTS patients. [61] Signs of innate immune system activation with elaboration of pro-inflammatory cytokines has also been reported in a cohort of POTS patients. [62] Secondary POTS [ edit ]a b Fedorowski A (2018). Camm JA, Lüscher TF, Maurer G, Serruys PW (eds.). Orthostatic intolerance: orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/med/9780198784906.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-182714-3. The causes of POTS are varied. [13] POTS may develop after a viral infection, surgery, trauma, or pregnancy. [7] It has been shown to emerge in previously healthy patients after COVID-19, [14] [15] or in rare cases after COVID-19 vaccination. [16] Risk factors include a family history of the condition. [1] A POTS diagnosis in adults is characterized by an increased heart rate of 30 beats per minute within ten minutes of standing up, while accompanied by symptoms. [1] This increased heart rate should occur in the absence of orthostatic hypotension (>20mm Hg drop in systolic blood pressure) [17] to be considered POTS. A spinal fluid leak (called spontaneous intracranial hypotension) may have the same signs and symptoms as POTS and should be excluded. [18] Prolonged bedrest may lead to multiple symptoms, including blood volume loss and postural tachycardia. [19] Other conditions which can cause similar symptoms, such as dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, heart problems, adrenal insufficiency, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease, must not be present. [6] a b Tahir F, Bin Arif T, Majid Z, Ahmed J, Khalid M (April 2020). "Ivabradine in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A Review of the Literature". Cureus. 12 (4): e7868. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7868. PMC 7255540. PMID 32489723.