SO 2 is also a very important compound in winery sanitation. Wineries and equipment must be kept clean, and because bleach cannot be used in a winery due to the risk of cork taint, [28] a mixture of SO 2, water, and citric acid is commonly used to clean and sanitize equipment. Ozone (O 3) is now used extensively for sanitizing in wineries due to its efficacy, and because it does not affect the wine or most equipment. [29] As a reducing agent [ edit ]

Sulfonium ions have three groups attached to a cationic sulfur center. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one such compound, important in the marine organic sulfur cycle.

Chemistry in its element: sulfur

Early European alchemists gave sulfur a unique alchemical symbol, a triangle atop a cross (🜍). (This is sometimes confused with the astronomical crossed-spear symbol ⚴ for 2 Pallas.) The variation known as brimstone has a symbol combining a two-barred cross atop a lemniscate (🜏). In traditional skin treatment, elemental sulfur was used (mainly in creams) to alleviate such conditions as scabies, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema, and acne. The mechanism of action is unknown—though elemental sulfur does oxidize slowly to sulfurous acid, which is (through the action of sulfite) a mild reducing and antibacterial agent. [58] [59] [60] Modern times [ edit ] Today sulfur is known to have antifungal, antibacterial, and keratolytic activity; in the past it was used against acne vulgaris, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, pityriasis versicolor, scabies, and warts. [61] This 1881 advertisement baselessly claims efficacy against rheumatism, gout, baldness, and graying of hair. Schwartz, Steven M.; Carroll, Hugh M.; Scharschmidt, Linda A. (1 July 1986). "Sublimed (Inorganic) Sulfur Ingestion: A Cause of Life-Threatening Metabolic Acidosis With a High Anion Gap". Archives of Internal Medicine. 146 (7): 1437–1438. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1986.00360190229034. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 3718141.

Hyndman, A. W.; Liu, J. K.; Denney, D. W. (1982). "Sulfur Recovery from Oil Sands". Sulfur: New Sources and Uses. ACS Symposium Series. Vol.183. pp.69–82. doi: 10.1021/bk-1982-0183.ch005. ISBN 978-0-8412-0713-4.

Word History

Jones, Galen E.; Starkey, Robert L.; Feely, Herbert W.; Kulp, J. Laurence (22 June 1956). "Biological Origin of Native Sulfur in Salt Domes of Texas and Louisiana". Science. 123 (3208): 1124–1125. Bibcode: 1956Sci...123.1124J. doi: 10.1126/science.123.3208.1124. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793426. Many drugs contain sulfur. [90] Early examples include antibacterial sulfonamides, known as sulfa drugs. A more recent example is mucolytic acetylcysteine. Sulfur is a part of many bacterial defense molecules. Most β-lactam antibiotics, including the penicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams contain sulfur. [47] Batteries [ edit ]

a b c Schreiner, Bernhard (2008). "Der Claus-Prozess. Reich an Jahren und bedeutender denn je". Chemie in unserer Zeit. 42 (6): 378–392. doi: 10.1002/ciuz.200800461. Riegel, Emil; Kent, James (2007). Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Vol.1. Springer. p.1171. Bibcode: 2007karh.book....... ISBN 978-0-387-27842-1. OCLC 74650396. Sulfur reacts with fluorine to give the highly reactive sulfur tetrafluoride and the highly inert sulfur hexafluoride. [43] Whereas fluorine gives S(IV) and S(VI) compounds, chlorine gives S(II) and S(I) derivatives. Thus, sulfur dichloride, disulfur dichloride, and higher chlorosulfanes arise from the chlorination of sulfur. Sulfuryl chloride and chlorosulfuric acid are derivatives of sulfuric acid; thionyl chloride (SOCl 2) is a common reagent in organic synthesis. [44] Pseudohalides [ edit ]

Koch, Rudolf (1955). The book of signs: which contains all manner of symbols used from the earliest times to the Middle Ages by primitive peoples and early Christians. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20162-7.

Sulfoxides and sulfones are thioethers with one and two oxygen atoms attached to the sulfur atom, respectively. The simplest sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, is a common solvent; a common sulfone is sulfolane. Occurrence [ edit ] The blue auroral glows of Io's upper atmosphere are caused by volcanic sulfur dioxide. Indian alchemists, practitioners of the "science of chemicals" ( Sanskrit: रसशास्त्र, romanized: rasaśāstra), wrote extensively about the use of sulfur in alchemical operations with mercury, from the eighth century AD onwards. [57] In the rasaśāstra tradition, sulfur is called "the smelly" ( गन्धक, gandhaka). Sulfur dioxide is the oxidising agent in the Claus process, which is conducted on a large scale in oil refineries. Here, sulfur dioxide is reduced by hydrogen sulfide to give elemental sulfur: Sulfur dioxide is found on Earth and exists in very small concentrations in the atmosphere at about 15 ppb. [10]

Gupta, Aditya K; Nicol, Karyn (July–August 2004). "The Use of Sulfur in Dermatology". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 3 (4): 427–431. PMID 15303787.