Atomic Building Border Collie dog. Figure to assemble with nanoblocks. 950 pieces.

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Atomic Building Border Collie dog. Figure to assemble with nanoblocks. 950 pieces.

Atomic Building Border Collie dog. Figure to assemble with nanoblocks. 950 pieces.

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All atoms (except hydrogen and helium with their single electron shells) are most stable when there are exactly eight electrons in their valence shell. These details can be determined (in a somewhat elaborate way, using quantum mechanics equations) from its atomic number Z. Its shape is like that of a rural community, with expanses of uninhabited land, a few scattered farm houses, and a small village with closely packed houses at its center.

Firstly a rather trivial one, but as a physicist what is your take on treating the neutron as element zero? What is the main source of the chemical difference between an atom from one element and an atom from another element? I could be wrong about this because I’m not a physicist, but I’d like to suggest that maybe it’s better to present the electrons as literally having the shape of the orbitals that they occupy.A radioactive isotope is an isotope whose nucleus readily decays, giving off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy. In any case, the equations we use give correct predictions for atoms and how they behave; the issue in question is how you interpret what the equations signify, which is inevitably ambiguous. I’ve never had a physics course so can only follow your simpler descriptions, but I have a strong interest in these things and have read several books over the years. Although the territory that is considered part of the town may be quite large, the actual amount of area occupied by houses is very small, as is the area occupied by the village at the center of the town. On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.

Moreover, all atoms of carbon, whether found in your liver or in a lump of coal, contain six protons. For example, the elements in the first column all have a single valence electron, an electron that can be “donated” in a chemical reaction with another atom. Second, the nucleus (and the protons and neutrons that make it up) is also very tiny, though larger than the electrons; its size has been measured, and is about 10,000 to 100,000 times smaller in diameter than its atom. This is an amazingly difficult article to pull off; it’s supposed to be just a stage along the way to particle physics.So the best way to describe an atom that I can come up with is this: most of an atom’s mass is carried by the small nucleus that sits at its center, around which extremely tiny electrons, with much smaller mass, are spread out (through the weirdness of quantum mechanics) in a most un-particle-like way, filling the grey area in Figure 2. So, just like Prof Strassler described, chemistry is all about the behaviour of the valence electrons (and all electrons behave according to quantum mechanics). Whether the wave is a mathematical construct or something to be treated as physical is very subtle, and people don’t necessarily agree on the matter.

If molecules — the main structures that are involved in chemistry — are the words from which all of the materials around us are built, then atoms are the letters, the building blocks for molecules. Most of the land of the community — analogous to the realm of the electrons — contains crops but no houses. The number of protons and electrons within a neutral atom are equal, thus, the atom’s overall charge is balanced. The available types of bondings for a given kind of atom are related to this tendency to look for the most stable state that can be achieved by a given atom under current conditions.These behaviours determine the types of bondings that a given atom may have when binding to other atoms to form molecules and other arrangements (like lattices). One method involves a “scanning tunneling microscope”, which can show the atoms inside a crystal, or even move them around one at a time.

Chemistry occurs — molecules form and change — when atoms come close together, and that happens when the outermost (“valence”) electrons from one atom come close to those of another atom — when the edge of the grey region of one atom comes into the general vicinity of the grey region of another atom. The electric charge on ions often acts as a modifier more to their physical properties than their chemical ones; and there are intriguing situations where this can be almost completely cancelled, carbon monoxide is much like nitrogen and boron nitride can exist in both graphite-like and diamond-like polymorphs. About the weirdness: The problem is that if you make statements that *are* bizarre and you don’t say “yes, this is weird”, that confuses one set of people; and if you say “yes, this is weird” that makes the thinking-barrier you mentioned.The number of negatively-charged electrons that “spin” around the nucleus at close to the speed of light equals the number of protons. The most complex atoms found in abundance in nature are those of the element uranium, which has atomic number 92. And so this gives us the answer to question 3: what determines an atom’s chemistry is (mostly) the details of its outermost (“valence”) electrons. Your pedagogical quibble is well taken: these are indeed questions that always get asked and that I have to answer in these articles.



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