Kain, J.M., 1975a. Algal recolonization of some cleared subtidal areas. Journal of Ecology, 63, 739-765. Mannitol did not correlate with SST or sampling depth, but showed a moderate negative correlation with salinity, thus revealing lower mannitol concentrations at higher salinities. A moderate negative correlation between phlorotannin content and sampling depth was detected, with lower concentrations measured in samples from greater depth, but there was no correlation with salinity or SST. Higher SST led to enhanced total C as well as increased total nitrogen (N) concentrations, resulting in an unchanged C:N ratio. In contrast, C:N revealed a strong negative correlation with salinity, although this can be entirely ascribed to the remarkably high N concentrations ( Table S.1) in the samples from MUR and AMO (S A 35). Neither C:N, nor total C or total N correlated with sampling depth. 3.2.3 Morphology vs. biochemistry evidence of reduced abundance, or extent of a population of the species or community of interest (either short or long term) in response to a contaminant will be ranked as intermediate sensitivity; Benchmark. Removal of the organism from the substratum and displacement from its original position onto a suitable substratum. A single event is assumed for assessment. Further details Borum, J., Pedersen, M.F., Krause-Jensen, D., Christensen, P.B. & Nielsen, K., 2002. Biomass, photosynthesis and growth of Laminaria saccharina in a high-arctic fjord, NE Greenland. Marine Biology, 141, 11-19.

If you want to make your own recipe, the Lattissima Gran, Pro and Touch can also prepare hot milk or foam (depending on the model) without espresso. That can come in handy if you want an easy way to make some hot chocolate. Hot Water The evidence used is stated in the rationale. Where the assessment can be based on a known activity then this is stated. The tolerance to contaminants of species of interest will be included in the rationale when available; together with relevant supporting material. Further details. For sequence analysis, the mitochondrial cytochrome-c-oxidase I gene (COI-5P) was amplified with the forward primer GazF2 and the reverse pairing primer GazR2 ( Lane etal., 2007). Primers were obtained from biomers.net (Germany). Peters, A.F. & Schaffelke, B., 1996. Streblonema (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) infection in the kelp Laminaria saccharina in the western Baltic. Hydrobiologia, 326/327, 111-116. Evidence Saccharina latissima (studied as Laminaria saccharina) can tolerate fairly strong water currents (Kain, 1979). An increase in water currents beyond this may cause the plants to be torn off the substratum. Alternatively, the substratum on which the plants are attached may be mobilized.Flavin K, Flavin N, Flahive B (2013) Kelp farming manual. A guide to the processes, techniques and equipment for farming kelp in New England waters. Ocean Approved. 123p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0547-z Lee, J.A. & Brinkhuis, B.H., 1988. Seasonal light and temperature interaction effects on development of Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta) gametophytes and juvenile sporophytes. Journal of Phycology, 24, 181-191. A change of two categories in water flow rate ( view glossary) for 1 year, for example, from moderately strong (1-3 knots) to very weak (negligible). Further details Mizuta H, Hayasaki J, Yamamoto H (1998) Relationship between nitrogen content and sorus formation in the brown alga Laminaria japonica cultivated in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Fish Sci 64:909–913

Manns D, Nielsen MM, Bruhn A, Saake N, Meyer AS (2017) Compositional variations of brown seaweeds Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima in Danish waters. J Appl Phycol 29:1493–1506 the reproductive phase. If environmental factors do not induce fertility in the gametophyte (see factors affecting reproduction below), filamentous growth occurs.

3 Results

Gerard, V.A., 1997. The role of nitrogen nutrition in high-temperature tolerance of the kelp, Laminaria saccharina (Chromophyta). Journal of Phycology, 33, 800-810. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Guzinski etal. (2020) investigated genetic connectivity of S. latissima populations across the same latitudinal distribution range as in the present study. They did not observe significant variations in genetic diversity with latitude, but demonstrated a high degree of inter-population differentiation, indicating that this kind of marker is more suited to complement intraspecific studies on biochemical and morphological variability.

For the gametophytes and young sporophytes of Saccharina latissima, the upper temperature tolerance is 22 °C. Lee & Brinkhuis (1988) reported growth of gametophytes in Long Island Sound at 23 °C. This temperature has also been reported as the maximum survival temperature for vegetatively growing Saccharina latissima (studied as Laminaria saccharina) gametophytes (from three European populations), although after a week all plants had disintegrated (Bolten & Lüning, 1982). Lüning, (1990) reported the upper temperature tolerance of gametophytes as around 20 °C with a suppressed growth below 10 °C. Huppe HC, Turpin DH (1994) Integration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plant and algal cells. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 45:577–607 Along European shores, populations of S. latissima show pronounced differentiation, with genetically separated populations observed even within small geographical distances by using microsatellites or single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) ( Guzinski etal., 2016; Nielsen etal., 2016b; Luttikhuizen etal., 2018; Neiva etal., 2018; Guzinski etal., 2020; Ribeiro etal., 2022). However, populations along the east coast of the Atlantic can still be considered as one phylogenetic group ( Neiva etal., 2018). Accordingly, intraspecific diversity and high plasticity of S. latissima could represent an intermediate stage of an ongoing speciation process facilitated by high phenotypic plasticity across large distances. Bolton (2010), (p 275f.) stated that “combined studies of the morphology, molecular systematics, and ecology of the speciation process will be important for our future understanding of kelp evolution”. By assessing the intraspecific variability on several levels, the process of ecotypic separation across Europe, as it is currently proposed, might be better understood. Overview of life history. Saccharina latissima has a typical laminarian life history, in which a macroscopic and structurally complex diploid sporophyte phase alternates with a microscopic haploid gametophyte. The species is a short-lived perennial. Sporophytes (clearly visible adult plants) typically have a lifespan of twoto fouryears, although plants may occur as annuals. Specimens over four years old have been recorded from a fjord in Greenland (Borum et al., 2002). Like other seaweeds, S. latissima produces a multitude of metabolites involved in defense, signaling and acclimation processes ( Amsler, 2008). Mannitol, as organic osmolyte and ‘compatible solute’, maintains the intracellular functions under osmotic stress ( Karsten, 2012), while phlorotannins are multifunctional as UV-sunscreens, anti-feeding substances and act as antioxidants under high light conditions ( Amsler, 2008). The molar C:N ratio reflects the nutrient uptake and assimilation, concomitant with protein concentrations and nutrient supply ( Hurd etal., 2014). The specific chemical profile of a specimen can mirror the environmental conditions of the sampling habitat ( Martins etal., 2014; Monteiro etal., 2020) and, hence, reflect local adaptation on large geographical scales.

Publisher’s Note

Sjøtun, K. & Schoschina, E.V., 2002. Gametophytic development of Laminaria spp. (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) at low temperatures. Phycologia, 41, 147-152. Parke, M., 1948. Studies on British Laminariaceae. I. Growth in Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 27, 651-709. I personally find the design of the Creatista Pro and Plus more appealing than the Lattissima. The Creatista’s stainless steel finished looks very sleek on a kitchen counter. I also like the manual control I can get with the Creatista’s steam wand. Like the Rapid Cappuccino System, the steam wand is very easy to use but it also gives you the option to try latte art. The Lattissima Rapid Cappuccino System doesn’t create the type of microfoam needed for latte art. I also find it easier to clean the Creatista’s steam wand and milk jug compared to disassembling and cleaning the Lattissima Rapid Cappuccino System. Still unsure about Nespresso? After rhizoid attachment, an attachment disc is formed from the swollen base of the stipe (Kain, 1979). Borum J, Pedersen MF, Krause-Jensen D, Christensen PB, Nielsen K (2002) Biomass, photosynthesis and growth of Laminaria saccharina in a high-arctic fjord, NE Greenland. Mar Biol 141:11–19