In Estonia, the so-called 'forest brothers' went on fighting the Russian communist occupation from their camouflaged woodland hideouts well into the 1950s. The last surviving forest brother, August Sabbe, only died when the KGB tried to arrest him in 1978.… Lowe, Savage Continent, pp.340-58. I and the public know/what all schoolchildren learn'... W. H. Auden, 'September 1, 1939', see https://poets.org/poem/september-1-1939 Garton Ash, der altid har delt sin indsats mellem professorater i historie på Oxford mestendels, journalistik på The Spectator og The Guardian, samt en stribe aktuelle bøger, har et unikt overblik.

Tsar Paul I became heir to the Russian throne because… for this entire paragraph, see Katya Rogatchevskaia’s 'Russian Hamlet(s)', https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2016/08/russian-hamlet-.html Solidarność was European history's greatest movement for change that did not resort to violence'... quoted by Aleksander Smolar in Roberts and Garton Ash, Civil Resistance in Power Politics, p.136. Although he denies being or having been a British intelligence operative, Garton Ash described himself as a "soldier behind enemy lines" and described the German Democratic Republic as a "very nasty regime indeed". [4] Pavel Žáček, Timothy Garton Ash and Kristian Gerner (Tallinn, 2012) Life and career [ edit ]

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It would have been interesting to have some discussion of what relationship a more democratic post-Putin Russia might have with Brussels, short of membership. The EU is being pressed to agree to the accession of ever more candidate states in the Balkans and even the Caucasus. What should define the eventual limits of EU enlargement? a second birthday, a true rebirth', because 'the wholehistory of the world attaches itself to this place'... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Italienische Reise, entry for December 3, 1786. Told through Garton Ash’s personal reflections and his analyses of shifts in the political organization of the continent, this history explores the question of what it means to be European—if anything at all.”— New York Times Book Review shoot me! Just shoot!' 'Oh,' Lehndorff exclaims, 'how many envious looks the dead must endure!'… Hans Graf von Lehndorff, Ostpreussisches Tagebuch. Aufzeichnung eines Arztes aus den Jahren 1945-1947, DTV, München 1981, p.75 and p.77. How are things?' you'd ask, and the reply would be... Fintan O’Toole, We Don't Know Ourselves. A Personal History of Ireland Since 1958, Head of Zeus, London 2021, p.239.

Solana... Javier Solana mentions in several interviews that the two arrests of his brother Luis, involved with the PSOE since the mid-1950s, made him understand the reality of Francoist political repression and were thus central to his political evolution. See, for example, 'Solana fought to stop Spain joining Nato – now he runs it', The Independent, 3 December 1995, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/solana-fought-to-stop-spain-joining-nato-now-he-runs-it-1523857.html and 'Entrevista a Javier Solana', Política Exterior, 21 September 2004, https://www.politicaexterior.com/articulo/entrevista-a-javier-solana/

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thou art the sole Emperor of all the Christians in the whole universe…'… Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire. 1552-1917, HarperCollins, London 1997, pp.5-6. The struggle of man against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting'… Milan Kundera, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, Penguin Books, London 1983, p.3. under which we've lived quite happily for forty years'…‘A minister in the midst of a storm – Douglas Hurd, The Foreign Secretary talks to Timothy Garton Ash’, The Independent, 22 December 1989. Sprogkundskaberne bruger han til at kunne tale fortroligt med høj og lav – fra Margaret Thatcher over Lech Walesa, Helmut Kohl, Václav Havel, Romano Prodi, Angela Merkel til alle mulige almindelige europæere.

Amalrik is dead and the KGB is still here!'… see 'press conference with Natan Sharansky, Israel's minister for trade and industry,' Official Kremlin International News Broadcast, 29 January 1996. The student occupation of the Polytechnic in Athens... Detail from Kostis Kornetis, Children of the Dictatorship. Student Resistance, Cultural Politics, and the “Long 1960s” in Greece, Berghahn Books, New York/Oxford 2016. More generally, Garton Ash’s delightful dissection of the “bewildering variety of ways” that Europeans use the word Europe belongs among the most memorable parts of his history illustrated by memoir. The author describes with great erudition our fuzzy and contested ideas of geography; the powerful and problematic beliefs in a historical core region (the “Carolingian” as opposed to the more inclusive, “Ottonian” idea of Europe); the Europe of culture and values, “a well-dressed but distinctly two-faced character”; the institutional organization of Europe one might often – and out of various political sentiments – be inclined to call “Euromess”; not to mention – fifthly – Europe’s crude identification with civilization as such (a pattern which the author rejects). It was the collective memory of war and authoritarianism, in Garton Ash’s telling, that drove postwar European peace and integration. Yet, after two decades that consolidated a free way of life on the continent, Garton Ash writes, this “memory engine” appears to be sputtering. No country has joined the European Union since 2013; Britons voted to leave the bloc; war and the entrenchment of autocratic figures such as Hungary’s Viktor Orban have threatened the EU’s eastern flank.

I'm coming closer to you… Chair for the Pope!'… see my eyewitness account in Garton Ash, Uses of Adversity, p.46ff.. Eurobarometer opinion polls… see Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their Languages, https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S1049_77_1_EBS386

agreed the final lines for the division of Hitler's capital… Garton Ash, In Europe's Name, pp.8-11.

a book called Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984?… First published in the US in 1970. Publishing the book abroad without permission constituted a crime under Soviet law and regulations.