Od momentu powstania dwóch państw niemieckich, atmosfera między nimi była napięta, a Niemiecka Republika Demokratyczna nie uznawała Berlina Zachodniego, z kolei Republika Federalna Niemiec i alianci zachodni nie uznawali Berlina Wchodniego za część NRD ani tym bardziej za jej stolicę. As nuclear competition escalates again, traditional arms control mechanisms are likely to be less relevant in the near term.

S. withdrew from the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), claiming Russia had been expanding this class of its nuclear weapons with a range that could strike most of Western Europe.Issues such as East and West in European thinking, the complicated heritage of Europe, imperialism, the struggle of ideologies and armed struggle, the consequences of great wars, totalitarianism and democracy, the role of Germany and Russia/USSR in the recent history of Europe are considered.

Porozumienie zawierało trzy aneksy; jeden z nich zawierał obietnicę wymiany terytoriów między Berlinem Zachodnim i NRD, aby ułatwić berlińczykom dostęp do eksklaw zachodnioberlińskich na obszarach pod kontrolą NRD. The complicating regional and strategic competition factors will make sustaining nonproliferation regimes more difficult. The predominant issue was dealing with proliferation through active measures: attempting to prevent nations or non-state actors from obtaining weapons technology, materials, or ready arms.

In the near to midterm, the most likely new spheres of extended deterrence are in the Middle East and South Asia. The aim of the course is to analyze selected political and social issues that are important in the history of the world, especially in Europe in the 20th century.

The Polish-French military collaboration was continued almost exclusively in the field of intelligence and military aviation, and it was the latter sphere that saw the first auguries of possible change in the attitude of the military and political elites of France toward their Polish ally.The United States, Russia, China, the UK and France will likely rely on strategic deterrence, strengthening and expanding their arsenals. Koncert mocarstw [1], inaczej czwórprzymierze – układ polityczny powołany 20 listopada 1815 przez Wielką Brytanię, Rosję, Austrię (od 1867 jako Austro-Węgry), Prusy (od 1871 jako Niemcy). Un-affiliated scholars have the possibility to access the repository by creating their their personal user account.