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To avoid battery damage from excessive current during equalization, the maximum current supplied to the battery should be below the peak current. The equalization circuit is designed as a hierarchical structure by considering that the current of different layers may superimpose on the battery. The inductor peak current of the equalization unit per layer is the same as that of the first layer. Thus, we obtain where V B- MAX is the upper limit voltage, i B- Define is the maximum equalization current allowed, m is the number of equalization layers, and f is the square wave frequency reflecting the relationship between the switching frequency of the MOSFET and the losses during equalization. 2.2.3. Switching Voltage In this section, the state-space representation model and SSM have been built separately in MATLAB to demonstrate the characteristics of the proposed circuit. To enable more accurate battery energy equalization, a noise cancellation method on the basis of information collection from neighboring nodes of the communication network is employed. State-Space Representation Model Dai, H.; Wei, X.; Sun, Z.; Wang, D. A novel dual-inductor based charge equalizer for traction battery cells of electric vehicles. Int. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2015, 67, 627–638. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Caspar, M.; Eiler, T.; Hohmann, S. Systematic comparison of active balancing: A model-based quantitative analysis. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2016, 67, 920–934. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Supex battery balancer are using active balance technology. All battery energy can be released. You can get more power for your electrical appliances.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the equalization system structure and principles are given and analyzed. Subsequently, the small signal of the proposed converter has been provided in Sections 3. Then, the simulation on the electromagnetic transient model and the experiment is demonstrated and the comparison is given as well in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions and some potential future works are presented in Section 5. Design and Operating Principle Structure of the Proposed ConverterAli, M.U.; Zafar, A.; Nengroo, S.H.; Hussain, S.; Junaid Alvi, M.; Kim, H.J. Towards a smarter battery management system for electric vehicle applications: A critical review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation. Energies 2019, 12, 446. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Vallés, M.; Reneses, J.; Cossent, R.; Frías, P. Regulatory and market barriers to the realization of demand response in electricity distribution networks: A European perspective. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2016, 140, 689–698. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] May, G.J.; Davidson, A.; Monahov, B. Lead batteries for utility energy storage: A review. J. Energy Storage 2018, 15, 145–157. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] The raw data supporting the conclusion of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. Author Contributions By calculating the weight of the activation strength for each fuzzy rule, the output of the layer is given by

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Das, U.K.; Shrivastava, P.; Tey, K.S.; Idris, M.Y.I.B.; Mekhilef, S.; Jamei, E.; Seyedmahmoudian, M.; Stojcevski, A. Advancement of lithium-ion battery cells voltage equalization techniques: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 134, 110227. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

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