Zhan, S. et al. The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration. Nature 514, 317–321 (2014). Of 336 patients with newly diagnosed GBM who were operated on, 48 (14 %) presented with bGBM, where 29 (60 %) and 19 (40 %) underwent surgical resection and biopsy, After studying the butterflies’ brains under a powerful microscope, researchers found that structures in the brain crucial to visual processes such as color vision and shape and motion detection are between 13 and 27% larger in the brains of the species that lives deep in the forest than in the brains of the species that lives at the forests’ edges. Another brain structure that helps process sky light and polarized light is 23% larger in the deep forest species than in the forest edges species. Previous research has also shown that the deep forest species responds to lower intensities of light, and it makes sense that species of butterflies living in darker forests would need to be more sensitive to light to see and function in dimmer conditions. Mouritsen, H. Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals. Nature 558, 50–59 (2018).

Do Butterflies Remember Being Caterpillars? » Science ABC Do Butterflies Remember Being Caterpillars? » Science ABC

Nguyen, T. A. T., Beetz, M. J., Merlin, C. & el Jundi, B. Sun compass neurons are tuned to migratory orientation in monarch butterflies. Proc. Biol. Sci. 288, 20202988 (2021). Definition: Neural tissue outside the CNS whose function is to convey the information between the CNS and rest of the body. If you or someone you care for has any worrying symptoms that develop after brain tumour treatment, see your doctor. Sujit S. Prabhu, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA. chemotherapy – medicine is used to kill cancer cells after surgery, or relieve symptoms if the tumour can't be removedBeetz, M. J. & el Jundi, B. The influence of stimulus history on directional coding in the monarch butterfly brain. J. Comp. Physiol. A 209, 663–677 (2023). el Jundi, B. et al. Neural coding underlying the cue preference for celestial orientation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 11395–11400 (2015). Tuning directedness of the neurons was quantified by calculating the mean vector length (MVL) of angular tuning (Rayleigh statistics). The MVL of each neuron was statistically compared to a distribution of MVLs generated by a permutation (1,000,000 repetitions). The permutation shuffled the 10-degree bins of the circular plots and computed a MVL after each shuffle. MVL of the real data were significantly longer than the MVLs computed from the shuffled data from each neuron ( p< 0.05; Fig. 1g). In addition to the neuron-wise comparison of MVL and MVLs from the shuffled data, we statistically compared the measured MVLs from all the neurons with the MVLs after shuffling the data from all 113 neurons ( p< 10 −5, W = −10878, n = 147, two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). Functional classification of neurons (HD-index)

How a Butterfly Brain Adapts During Metamorphosis

Mouritsen, H. & Frost, B. J. Virtual migration in tethered flying monarch butterflies reveals their orientation mechanisms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10162–10166 (2002). Some animals, on the other hand, go through a dramatic change that makes them almost unidentifiable from their larval form. They are so different, in fact, that they are known by different names in these two stages. The aquatic tadpole that changes into the semi-aquatic frog are the same animal, but merely in different stages of life. el Jundi, B. et al. A snapshot-based mechanism for celestial orientation. Curr. Biol. 26, 1456–1462 (2016). Right from birth, it is the destiny of a caterpillar to turn into a butterfly and its organs know that. A collection of cells called imaginal discs present in even a tiny larva are already configured to develop into adult structures like wings, antennae, genitalia and legs. However, a constant flood of juvenile hormone produced by the caterpillar prevents these cells from developing prematurely. You may need treatment and support like occupational therapy and physiotherapy to help you recover or adapt to any problems.

Recovery and after effects

Circular statistics were performed in MATLAB and Oriana (Version 4.01, Kovach Computing Services, Anglesey, Wales, UK). Linear statistics were computed in GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Sample sizes were not statistically pre-determined. Data distributions were tested for normality with a Shapiro–Wilk test. Normally distributed data were further analyzed with parametric statistical tests, while non-normally distributed data were tested with non-parametric tests. A Rayleigh test testing for uniformity of circular data was used to examine whether the flights were biased toward any direction. To statistically compare the angular tuning measured prior to and after compass perturbation across compass and putative GD neurons, we compared the correlation values obtained by correlating the angular tuning prior to sun displacement with the one measured after sun displacement with a two-sided unpaired t-test (Fig. 1j). Heading offsets and circular variances of pfds were statistically compared with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 1k and Fig. S7c). Variations in spike rate across compass and putative GD neurons were also compared with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. S8). Changes in goal directions induced by aversive conditioning were statistically tested by comparing the distribution of GDs before conditioning (pre-conditioning) with the ones after conditioning (post conditioning) using a Mardia-Watson-Wheeler test (Fig. 2c). Flight directedness and directedness of neural tuning prior to and after conditioning was compared with a two-sided paired t-test (Fig. S10) and a two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test (Fig. 2d), respectively. To compare the tuning stability prior to compass perturbation and aversive conditioning with the one measured after compass perturbation and aversive conditioning, we statistically compared the correlation values obtained by comparing the angular tunings with a two-sided ordinary one-way ANOVA across different neuron types, i.e., HD, GD, and steering neurons (Fig. S13b). Note when comparing between two neuron types, we used a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 3d, e). A two-sided Mann–Whitney U test was used to statistically compare the changes in pfds induced by aversive conditioning and compass perturbations in GD neurons (Fig. 3c) and when comparing pfd changes induced by compass perturbation and aversive conditioning between GD and steering neurons (Fig. 4a, b). Time lags of turn coding were statistically compared across steering and GD neurons with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 4f). Hereby, only pairs ( n = 14 pairs) of simultaneously recorded steering and GD neurons were considered because a comparison of time lags across different experiments were unprecise due to the relatively low sampling rate of the optical encoder. The consistency of goal offsets for putative GD and HD neurons across the conditioning was statistically compared with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 3g). Goal offset stability was statistically compared between GD, HD, and steering neurons (two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test; one-way ANOVA; Fig. S13c). Using a Rayleigh test, we examined whether pfds of HD neurons were uniformly distributed and a V-test (expected 180°) allowed us to demonstrate that pfds of GD and steering neurons were clustered at 180° (Fig. 4g). Despite having small brains, insects’ cognitive abilities are impressive. They can process a large set of information from their environment and adjust their behaviour accordingly [ 1]. Many species possess remarkable learning and memorisation skills [ 2, 3]. Examples of sophisticated behaviours include concept and category learning in honeybees [ 4], tool use in ants [ 5], facial pattern recognition in wasps [ 6, 7], and counting ability in bees [ 8, 9]. A neuron (nerve cell) is the functional unit of the nervous system. They receive and transmit neural impulses. Meaning that, neurons receive, process and integrate information from all regions of the body and send instructions on how body tissues are to respond to environmental and internal events. For behavioral analysis, we computed circular histograms by adding each data point of the optical encoder to the corresponding 10-degree heading bin. The animal’s preferred heading, represented by the mean vector, was computed with the CircStat toolbox in MATLAB. The flight directedness (r) was described with the mean vector strength which ranged between 0 (non-directed) to 1 (highly directed). Distributions of preferred headings of all animals were tested for uniformity with a Rayleigh test and visualized in Oriana (Version 4.01, Kovach Computing Services, Anglesey, Wales, UK). Haines, D. E. (2012). Neuroanatomy: an atlas of structures, sections, and systems (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.

butterfly compass - ScienceDirect The neurobiology of the Monarch butterfly compass - ScienceDirect

Ben-Yishay, E. et al. Directional tuning in the hippocampal formation of birds. Curr. Biol. 31, 2592–2602.e4 (2021).Mussells Pires, P. M., Abbott, L. F. & Maimon, G. Converting an allocentric goal into an egocentric steering signal. Preprint at https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516026v1 (2022). Another brain structure that helps process sky light and polarized light is 23% larger in the deep forest species than in the forest edges species. Previous research has also shown that the deep forest species responds to lower intensities of light, and it makes sense that species of butterflies living in darker forests would need to be more sensitive to light to see and function in dimmer conditions. Vinay Puduvalli, Department of Neurooncology, The University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 442, Houston, TX, USA. David Blas-Boria, Neurology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Shine, J. P., Valdés-Herrera, J. P., Tempelmann, C. & Wolbers, T. Evidence for allocentric boundary and goal direction information in the human entorhinal cortex and subiculum. Nat. Commun. 10, 4004 (2019).