a b c d e f g h Swaby, S. (2010). "Giraffe". In Harris, T. (ed.). Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide. Marshall Cavendish. pp.64–84. ISBN 978-0-7614-7882-9.

Fennessy, J.; Marais, A.; Tutchings, A. (2018). " Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. peralta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T136913A51140803. Giraffe tongues are dark blueish in colour, which is thought to be a form of sun protection. How do giraffes give birth? Bond, Monica L.; Strauss, Megan K. L.; Lee, Derek E. (16 August 2016). "Soil Correlates and Mortality from Giraffe Skin Disease in Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (4): 953–958. doi: 10.7589/2016-02-047. ISSN 0090-3558. PMID 27529292. S2CID 46776142. The giraffe genome is around 2.9 billion base pairs in length, compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi. Of the proteins in giraffe and okapi genes, 19.4% are identical. The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to around 11.5 mya. A small group of regulatory genes in the giraffe appear to be responsible for the animal's height and associated circulatory adaptations. [16] [17] Species and subspecies Map showing "Approximate geographic ranges, fur patterns, and phylogenetic relationships between some giraffe subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Colored dots on the map represent sampling localities. The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes. Asterisks along branches correspond to node values of more than 90% bootstrap support. Stars at branch tips identify paraphyletic haplotypes found in Maasai and reticulated giraffes". [18]

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Dagg, A. I. (1971). " Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (5): 1–8. doi: 10.2307/3503830. JSTOR 3503830. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2011. Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L. (2018). "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (2): 459–464. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy014. ISSN 0022-2372. PMC 5965405. PMID 29867255. Ginnett, Tim, and Montague Demment (1997). “Sex Differences in Giraffe Foraging Behavior at Two Spatial Scales,” Oecologia vol. 110, pp. 291-300.

When male giraffes are ready to breed, they begin the ritual combat over mates. Giraffes are non- territorial and a successful male giraffe will mate with receptive female giraffes whenever and wherever it finds them.The different subspecies of giraffe live in different countries in Africa, but certain species have declining populations in areas, mostly due to habitat loss and poaching. The Uganda giraffe historically lived in western Kenya, Uganda, and southern Sudan, but now survives in only a few small, isolated populations in Kenya and Uganda. Definition of CAMELOPARD". m-w.com. Encyclopædia Britannica: Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 3 September 2014. The number of giraffes in a group can range from one up to 66 individuals. [89] [95] Giraffe groups tend to be sex-segregated [95] although mixed-sex groups made of adult females and young males also occur. [91] Female groups may be matrilineally related. [95] Generally females are more selective than males in who they associate with regarding individuals of the same sex. [94] Particularly stable giraffe groups are those made of mothers and their young, [91] which can last weeks or months. [99] Young males also form groups and will engage in playfights. However, as they get older, males become more solitary but may also associate in pairs or with female groups. [95] [99] Giraffes are not territorial, [19] but they have home ranges that vary according to rainfall and proximity to human settlements. [100] Male giraffes occasionally roam far from areas that they normally frequent. [34] :329 a b Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. (1991). "Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints" (PDF). Ethology. 87 (1–2): 79–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012.

a b c Petzold, Alice; Hassanin, Alexandre (13 February 2020). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589. a b Brown, D. M.; Brenneman R. A.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; Milá, B.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Grether, G. F.; Jacobs, D. K.; Wayne R. K. (2007). "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 57. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-57. PMC 2254591. PMID 18154651. Volodina, Elena V.; Volodin, Ilya A.; Chelysheva, Elena V.; Frey, Roland (2018). "Hiss and snort call types of wild-living giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis: acoustic structure and context". BMC Research Notes. 11 (12): 12. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-3103-x. PMC 5761111. PMID 29316966. a b c Fennessy, Julian; Bidon, Tobias; Reuss, Friederike; Kumar, Vikas; Elkan, Paul; Nilsson, Maria A.; Vamberger, Melita; Fritz, Uwe; Janke, Axel (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261. S2CID 3991170.Ramstein, Gilles; Fluteau, Frédéric; Besse, Jean; Joussaume, Sylvie (24 April 1997). "Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land–sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years". Nature. 386 (6627): 788–795. Bibcode: 1997Natur.386..788R. doi: 10.1038/386788a0. S2CID 4335003. The new calf joins a growing herd at Bright’s, following another baby giraffe that was born just weeks before. The zoo says she’s “thriving” under the supervision of her attentive mother and its human staff. Now she just needs a name, which fans can vote on before the winning moniker is announced on Labor Day. The 6-foot wonder was born sans spots on July 31 at Bright’s Zoo, a privately owned facility in Limestone, and made her public debut this month. The calf is a reticulated giraffe, one of four giraffe species.