Option 12: Warfare and the British society c1250 – present and London and the second World War, 1939 -1945. F Glidden invented barbed wire. This invention meant that large areas of land could be fenced relatively cheaply. Unit 1: Schools History Project Development Study Option1A: Medicine and public health in Britain, C50AD to the present day (5HB01/1A) This Act allowed farmers to buy 640 acres of land at a cheap price in areas where there was little rainfall and irrigation schemes were needed to farm the land

Settlers tried to harvest the crops before the grasshoppers came. They tried to kill them, but gave up, 'weary and dispirited'. The government raised relief funds. Modern insecticides solved this problem. Dirt and disease Outdoor toilets and open wells. The sod houses leaked, and fleas and bedbugs lived in them 'by the million'. It was impossible to disinfect the floor. As a result the death rate, especially from diphtheria, was high. Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon religion, and his brother Hyrum were shot and killed while imprisoned for destroying a printing press.This Act was an extension to the Homestead Act offering 160 acres of land for free provided that at least 40 acres was planted with trees. The Waddell and Russell freight company established the Pony Express. Relay stations were set up across north America and riders carried mail from one station to the next. John O’Sullivan, editor of the New York newspaper ‘The Morning Post’, first used this phrase to express the long held belief that white Americans had a God-given right to occupy the entire North American continent. This Act offered anyone prepared to settle in the West 160 acres of land for free provided they built a home and farmed the land for five years. A group of soldiers opened fire on a group of Sioux at the Pine Ridge reservation in Wounded Knee Creek killing 153 Indian men, women and children.

About a thousand people made the journey West to Oregon. This was the highest number of migrants to make the journey west in one year so far and became known as the Great Migration. Option 10: Crime and punishment in Britain, c1000 – Present and Whitechapel c1870- c1900: Crime, policing and the inner city. This treaty between the US Government and the Indian tribes redefined the Indian homelands. The treaty stated that these lands would belong to the Indians and that they would not be entered by white settlers. The Indians were to be given provisions for a period of ten years as compensation for the loss of land. Wells Fargo established the stagecoach which allowed travellers to pay to be transported by stagecoach.Settlers built 'sod houses', while they lived out of doors - people did their cooking on an open fire. Drought - There was only 38 cm of rainfall in a year, and the hot summers evaporated dampness from the land. In the 1860s there were terrible droughts, followed by fires. Following the death of the Mormon leader, Joseph Smith, Brigham Young decided to take the Mormons away from the persecution they faced in the East and to build a new life for them at the Great Salt Lake. Cattle ranching had been firmly established in Johnson County since the 1870s and many ranch owners had become wealthy and influential. During the 1880s they wanted more land and tried to buy-out small time ranchers and farmers. Those small-time ranchers and farmers who resisted were accused of cattle-rustling and some were hanged.

Insect pests - In the 1870s, grasshopper plagues stripped the cornstalks 'naked as beanpoles' and sent pregnant women insane. Colorado beetle destroyed potato crops. Unit 3: Modern World Source Enquiry: Option 3C The transformation of British Society c1951-1979 (5HA03/3C) A travelling shoe-maker or tinker might pass through who would provide or mend household items, but usually families just had to make do. The women collected 'buffalo chips' for fuel, stoked the stove, and made their own candles and soap. 'I have often wondered how my mother stood it', wrote an early settler. Teams of 'sodbusters' using steel ploughs did the first ploughing. After 1880, thresher teams travelled around following the harvest. Farmers could hire them for just a few days. The transcontinental railway was completed. A ceremony, known as the ‘golden spike ceremony’ because a golden spike was used to join the East and West railways, was held at Promontory Point in Utah.Unit 3: Schools History Project Source Enquiry Option 3A: The transformation of Surgery c1845-c1918 (5HB03/3A) Unit 3: Modern World Source Enquiry: Option 3B War and transformation of British Society c1931-1951 (5HA03/3B)

Option 11: Medicine in Britain c1250 – present and the British sector of the Western front, 1914 -1918: Injuries, treatment and the trenches. Unit 3: Schools History Project Source Enquiry Option 3C: The impact of war on Britain c1914- c1950 (5HB03/3C) Unit 3: Modern World Source Enquiry: Option 3A War and transformation of British Society c1903-1928 (5HA03/3A) The government realised that 160 acres was not enough to sustain people. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 gave farmers another 160 free acres if they grew some trees.This was a revolt by the Santee Sioux led by chief Little Crow in protest against the reservations. People had to make the most of any trip to their nearest town, where the women talked of the harvest and the men smoked corncob pipes and talked politics. Unit 3: Schools History Project Source Enquiry Option 3C: The impact of war on Britain c1903- c1954 (5HB03/3C) Unit 1: Schools History Project Development Study Option1C: The changing nature of warfare (5HB01/1C)