Masculinities has been translated into many languages and in 2004 it was voted one of the ten most influential books in Australian sociology. This second edition will be essential reading for students taking courses in gender studies, and a valuable reference for readers across the humanities and social sciences. In the late 1980s she developed a social theory of gender relations ("Gender and Power", 1987), which emphasized that gender is a large-scale social structure not just a matter of personal identity. In this text, she proposed that the word "gender" be discussed in terms of three structures (power, production/labor and emotion/sexual relations). In applied fields she has worked on poverty and education, [19] sexuality and AIDS prevention, and labor movement strategy. [20] Connell and Messerschmidt collaborated on a piece, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept,” 2005, [21] in response to skepticism that the outcome of her theory creates a fixed typology. [22] In addition to supporting the categorization of her theories, Connell emphasizes the relationship between men and emotions. Connell argues that in today's society, men may be so emotionally disconnected that they are not conscious of their emotional states, such as depression. Many males have learned from their parents, friends, or other peers that they should not show emotion as it can be seen as a weakness. Once these boys become adults, they have developed the ability to suppress their emotional responses, such as crying or even sad facial expressions, to the point where they are really unaware of these emotions and unable to connect with them. One gender cannot be examined in isolation from another and emphasizes that there are disparities among males, even though neither one chooses the Postmodern practice of completely undermining this concept. Connell's writings emphasize the heterogeneous nature of masculinity. In contrast to feminism, masculine politics, according to Connell, cannot be a political movement. Women's marginalized identities frequently undergo positive evaluation on the part of feminists. On the other hand, authors on masculinity are almost always critical of the benefits that come with being a man. Altman, Dennis (1972). Homosexual: oppression and liberation. Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 9780207124594. Hegemonic masculinity is neither normative in the numerical sense, as only a small minority of men may enact it, nor in an actual sense, as the cultural ideal of masculinity is often a fantasy figure, such as John Wayne or John Rambo. [11] It also affects the construct and perception of the idealised male body from an exclusively Western perspective. [18] Hegemonic masculinity may not even be the commonest pattern in the everyday lives of men. Rather, hegemony can operate through the formation of exemplars of masculinity, symbols that have cultural authority despite the fact that most men and boys cannot fully live up to them. [3] Hegemonic masculinity imposes an ideal set of traits which stipulate that a man can never be unfeminine enough. Thus, fully achieving hegemonic masculinity becomes an unattainable ideal.

Connell: Masculinities Raewyn Connell: Masculinities

Connell, R. W.; Messerschmidt, James W. (December 2005). "Hegemonic Masculinity". Gender & Society. 19 (6): 829–859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639. ISSN 0891-2432. S2CID 5804166.Connell, Raewyn. 2014. Margin becoming centre: for a world-centred rethinking of masculinities . NORMA: International Newburn, Tim; Stanko, Elizabeth A. (1994). Just boys doing business? Men, masculinities, and crime. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415093200. Addis, Michael E.; Mahalik, James R. (5 January 2003). "Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking". American Psychologist. 58 (1): 5–14. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.404.4634. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5. PMID 12674814. Pdf. Holter, Øystein Gullvåg (2003). Can men do it? Men and gender equality: the Nordic experience. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 9789289308458. Martin, Patricia Yancey (August 1998). "Why can't a man be more like a woman? Reflections on Connell's Masculinities". Gender & Society. 12 (4): 472–474. doi: 10.1177/089124398012004008. S2CID 143573700.

Masculinities – Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies Masculinities – Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies

Connell, Raewyn (2008). Masculinities. Univ. of California Pr. ISBN 978-0-520-24698-0. OCLC 706913937. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Marginalised masculinities are those that are categorised as different, on the basis of class, ethnicity or status. They may display and enjoy masculine power in certain contexts but are always ultimately compared to the hegemonic norms and images 66. Within the overall framework, there are gender relations of dominance and subordination between groups of men. The most common example is the dominance of heterosexual men and the subordination of homosexual men. From the point of view of hegemonic masculinities, homosexuality is easily assimilated to femininity, and is therefore seen to be inferior. Other examples include men who have made a conscious effort to contest and ‘exit’ from hegemonic and complicit positions, or those whose physical appearance does not conform to standards set by hegemonic exemplars.As the earliest model of this concept grew, so did the scrutiny and criticisms surrounding it. The following principal criticisms have been identified since debate about the concept began in the early 1990s. [3] Underlying concept of masculinity [ edit ] Connell argues that an important feature of hegemonic masculinity is the use of "toxic" practices such as physical violence, which may serve to reinforce men's dominance over women in Western societies. [3] Other scholars have used the term toxic masculinity to refer to stereotypically masculine gender roles that restrict the kinds of emotions that can be expressed (see affect display) by boys and men, including social expectations that men seek to be dominant (the " alpha male"). [75] [ bettersourceneeded] Tags: complicit masculinity, Gender, hegemonic masculinity, homosexual masculinity, John Maclnnes, Margaret Wetherell, Masculinities, Masculinity, Men’s Studies, Nigel Edley, Patriarchy, Reconsidering the Concept of Hegemonic Masculinity, Robert Bly, RW Connell, SA Speer, Sociology, Steven Goldberg, subordinated masculinities, THE END OF MASCULINITY: THE CONFUSION OF SEXUAL GENESIS AND SEXUAL DIFFERENCE IN MODERN SOCIETY Related Articles

Masculinities | Raewyn Connell

While it is certainly the case that gender-based violence affects women disproportionately, and while men are the main aggressors, they too experience violent consequences as a result of the assumptions and beliefs which underlie gender-based violence. Perhaps nothing shows this better than the history of conflict and genocide. New theory has recognized the layering and potential internal contradictions within all practices that construct masculinities. This is a departure from a unitary masculinity and focus on compromised formations between contradictory desires or emotions. Masculinities are configurations of practice that are constructed, unfold, and change through time. [3] One area of focus may represent that of Western fathers given the gender division of labour in child care, the "long hours culture" of professions and management, and the preoccupation of rich fathers with managing their wealth. [3] While these practices may adhere to conventional Western ideas of hegemonic masculinity, this may not necessarily translate into a satisfying life experience. As gender relations evolve and women's movements grow stronger, the dynamics of masculinities may see a complete abolition of power differentials and a more equitable relationship between men and women and between men and other men. [29] This positive hegemony remains a key strategy for contemporary efforts at reforming gender relations. [27] Groes-Green has argued that Connell's theory of masculinities risks excluding the possibility of more gender equitable or "philogynous" forms of masculinity such as those he has identified in Mozambique. He urges social researchers to begin developing theories and concepts that can improve an understanding of how more positive, alternative and less dominant masculinities may develop even if these are always embedded in local gender power relations. [34] Lifespan development [ edit ] Early childhood [ edit ] French, Henry; Rothery, Mark (2011). "Hegemonic Masculinities? Assessing Change and Processes of Change in Elite Masculinity, 1700–1900". In Arnold, John H.; Brady, Sean (eds.). What is Masculinity?: Historical Dynamics from Antiquity to the Contemporary World. Genders and Sexualities in History. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.139–166. doi: 10.1057/9780230307254_8. ISBN 978-0-230-30725-4.Hegemonic masculinity draws some of its historical roots from both the fields of social psychology and sociology which contributed to the literature about the male sex role that had begun to recognize the social nature of masculinity and the possibilities of change in men's conduct. [12] This literature preceded the Women's Liberation Movement and feminist theories of patriarchy which also played a strong role in shaping the concept of hegemonic masculinity. The core concepts of power and difference were found in the gay liberation movement which had not only sought to analyse the oppression of men but also oppression by men. [13] This idea of a hierarchy of masculinities has since persisted and strongly influenced the reformulation of the concept.

The Salience of “Hegemonic Masculinity” - James W The Salience of “Hegemonic Masculinity” - James W

Oldstone-Moore, Christopher (2018). "(Re)Building the Beard? – Social Science, Gender Theory, and the History of Hair". In Evans, Jennifer; Withey, Alun (eds.). New Perspectives on the History of Facial Hair: Framing the Face. Genders and Sexualities in History. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.15–32. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-73497-2_2. ISBN 978-3-319-73497-2. In contemporary American and European culture, [hegemonic masculinity] serves as the standard upon which the "real man" is defined. According to [R.W.] Connell, contemporary hegemonic masculinity is built on two legs, domination of women and a hierarchy of intermale dominance. It is also shaped to a significant extent by the stigmatization of homosexuality. Hegemonic masculinity is the stereotypic notion of masculinity that shapes the socialization and aspirations of young males. Today’s hegemonic masculinity in the United States of America and Europe includes a high degree of ruthless competition, an inability to express emotions other than anger, an unwillingness to admit weakness or dependency, devaluation of women and all feminine attributes in men, homophobia, and so forth. [6] History [ edit ] Tyler, Meagan; Fairbrother, Peter (April 2013). "Bushfires are "men's business": The importance of gender and rural hegemonic masculinity". Journal of Rural Studies. 30: 110–119. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.01.002. Segal, L. (1994). Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure. Berkeley: University of California Press. Eskilsson, L. (2003). Masculinity and the North. In S. Ervo & T. Johansson (Eds.), Among men: Moulding masculinities, volume 1 (pp. 115–126). Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.

Messerschmidt, James W. (2010). Hegemonic masculinities and camouflaged politics: unmasking the Bush dynasty and its war against Iraq. Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 9781594518171. Raewyn Connell (born 3 January 1944), usually cited as R. W. Connell, is an Australian sociologist and Professor Emerita at the University of Sydney, mainly known for co-founding the field of masculinity studies and coining the concept of hegemonic masculinity, as well as for her work on Southern theory. [1] [2] Life and career [ edit ] Martino, Wayne (July 1995). "Boys and literacy: Exploring the construction of hegemonic masculinities and the formation of literate capacities for boys in the English classroom". English in Australia. 112: 11–24. a b Wetherell, Margaret; Edley, Nigel (August 1999). "Negotiating hegemonic masculinity: Imaginary positions and psycho-discursive practices" (PDF). Feminism & Psychology. 9 (3): 335–356. doi: 10.1177/0959353599009003012. S2CID 145350243.