Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader and eventually became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was a very religious man and was considered an independent Puritan. The episcopalians (known as the prelatical party) were conservatives who supported retaining bishops if those leaders supported reform and agreed to share power with local churches. [72] They also supported the idea of having a Book of Common Prayer, but they were against demanding strict conformity or having too much ceremony. In addition, these Puritans called for a renewal of preaching, pastoral care and Christian discipline within the Church of England. [54] Leighton, Denys (2004). The Greenian Moment: T.H. Green, Religion and Political Argument in Victorian Britain. Imprint Academic. ISBN 978-0907845546. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 October 2020.

Pat, Perrin (1 January 1970). Crime and Punishment: The Colonial Period to the New Frontier. Discovery Enterprises. p.24. Barnett, James Harwood (1984). The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-405-07671-1. Allama Iqbal, a politician and philosopher who was a leading advocate for the Pakistani state, saw Aurangzeb as a nationalist and “the founder of Musalman nationality in India”. Influential political leaders such as Maulana Abul Ala Maududi praised Aurangzeb for his commitment to Islam, calling for his morals to pave the way for Pakistan’s political future.

Bibliography

While remaining a pious Muslim, Akbar was also known to drink Ganga water and was the first Mughal ruler to marry into a Rajput family. Puritans should not be confused with other radical Protestant groups of the 16th and 17th centuries, such as Quakers, Seekers, and Familists, who believed that individuals could be directly guided by the Holy Spirit and prioritized direct revelation over the Bible. [12] Porterfield, Amanda (1992). Female Piety in Puritan New England the Emergence of Religious Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Harrison, Peter (2001). The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521000963. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 . Retrieved 5 September 2016.

Definition

Spraggon, Julie (2003). Puritan Iconoclasm During the English Civil War. Studies in Modern British Religious History. Vol.6. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0851158952. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 . Retrieved 13 February 2020. Some authors, like M Ikram Rabbani, even blame Akbar’s secularism for the division of Hindus and Muslims, claiming it to be the reason behind the origin of the two-nation theory. Shivaji in the court of Aurangzeb by M. V. Dhurandhar (Wikimedia Commons) The Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 established the Church of England as a Protestant church and brought the English Reformation to a close. During the reign of Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603), the Church of England was widely considered a Reformed church, and Calvinists held the best bishoprics and deaneries. Nevertheless, it preserved certain characteristics of medieval Catholicism, such as cathedrals, church choirs, a formal liturgy contained in the Book of Common Prayer, traditional clerical vestments and episcopal polity. [18] The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant. [1] Puritanism played a significant role in English and early American history, especially during the Protectorate. together for a time as copartners in grace here, [that] they may reigne together forever as coheires in glory hereafter. [79]

Maclear, J. F. (April 1975). "New England and the Fifth Monarchy: The Quest for the Millennium in Early American Puritanism". The William and Mary Quarterly. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 32 (2): 223–260. doi: 10.2307/1921563. JSTOR 1921563. Nuttall, Geoffrey F. (1992). The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience. University of Chicago Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-226-60941-6. Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall. University of Wisconsin Press. 2012. p.248.

Puritanism has attracted much scholarly attention, and as a result, the secondary literature on the subject is vast. Puritanism is considered crucial to understanding the religious, political and cultural issues of early modern England. In addition, historians such as Perry Miller have regarded Puritan New England as fundamental to understanding American culture and identity. Puritanism has also been credited with the creation of modernity itself, from England's Scientific Revolution to the rise of democracy. In the early 20th century, Max Weber argued in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that Calvinist self-denial resulted in a Protestant work ethic that led to the development of capitalism. Puritan authors such as John Milton, John Bunyan, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor continue to be read and studied as important figures within English and American literature. [149] Anne Bradstreet was the first female to have her works published in the British North American colonies.

Attempting to force religious and intellectual homogeneity on the whole community, civil and religious restrictions were most strictly applied by the Puritans of Massachusetts which saw various banishments applied to enforce conformity, including the branding iron, the whipping post, the bilboes and the hangman's noose. [115] Swearing and blasphemy was illegal. In 1636, Massachusetts made blasphemy—defined as "a cursing of God by atheism, or the like"—punishable by death. [116] Mahoney, Kathleen A. (10 September 2003). Catholic Higher Education in Protestant America: The Jesuits and Harvard in the Age of the University. Johns Hopkins University Press. p.47. White, James F. (1999). The Sacraments in Protestant Practice and Faith. Abingdon Press. ISBN 0-687-03402-7. Robbins, Rossell Hope (1959). "Hopkins, Matthew". The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology. New York: Crown Publishers.Further information: History of the Puritans in North America Interior of the Old Ship Church, a Puritan meetinghouse in Hingham, Massachusetts. Puritans were Calvinists, so their churches were unadorned and plain. Puritans were dissatisfied with the limited extent of the English Reformation and with the Church of England's toleration of certain practices associated with the Roman Catholic Church. They formed and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and corporate piety. Puritans adopted a covenant theology, and in that sense they were Calvinists (as were many of their earlier opponents). In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favour of autonomous gathered churches. These Separatist and Independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church. Delhi News Live Updates: India should aim to become a developed nation by 2047, says PM Modi at 'Amrit Kalash' event 5 hours ago This depiction of Aurangzeb, and the larger Mughal Empire, was articulated by the British in the early days of colonial rule. Alexander Dow, Scottish orientalist and writer, in his 1772 book The History of Hindostan writes that “the faith of Mahommed is peculiarly calculated for despotism; and it is one of the greatest causes which must fix for ever the duration of that species of government in the East.” For him, and other colonial era thinkers, the solution to this despotism was the imposition of British command over India. While Indian nationalist leaders vehemently rejected the solution, many retained the fundamental characterisation.