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Other Circumpolar North indigenous peoples include the Chukchi, Evenks, Iñupiat, Khanty, Koryaks, Nenets, Sami, Yukaghir, Gwich'in, and Yupik. Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. Russia in search of its Arctic strategy: between hard and soft power? Polar Journal, April 2014. The physical mechanisms behind the underestimation of AA in climate models remain unknown, but may be related to, e.g., errors in the model sensitivity to greenhouse gas forcing and in the distribution of the forced heating between the atmosphere, cryosphere and the ocean, and in different heights/depths in the atmosphere/ocean. Moreover, internal variability or uncertainties in observations may also contribute to the difference in AA between climate models and observations.
We compare the simulated AA with observations using two approaches. In the first approach, we extract all possible AA 43 ratios for the 43-year periods starting from 1970 and ending by 2040 from all four climate model ensembles. Accordingly, there are 29 43-year periods in total, which are overlapping partly with each other (1970–2012, 1971–2013, ..., 1998–2040). The time window of 1970–2040 was chosen to avoid the nearly ice-free climate conditions later in the 21st century, the comparison of which with the currently-observed values would be meaningless. The starting year 1970 reflects approximately the time when the recent period of sustained global warming has started 79. All possible 43-year time windows were considered because the internal climate variability in the models is not expected to be in phase with the real climate system. Using all realizations and the 29 different 43-year periods gives us an opportunity to assess in total 11020 simulated AA 43 ratios (29 periods x 380 realizations), with a sample of 1044 in CMIP5, 5626 in CMIP6, 2900 in MPI-GE, and 1450 in CanESM5. The probabilities are calculated as the number of simulated AA 43 equal to or greater than the observed AA 43, divided by the total number of simulated AA 43 ratios. For the CMIP6 ensemble, the probability has been calculated first for each model separately, then taking the average across the models. This gives a weight of 1 for each model. Schmithüsen, H., Notholt, J., König-Langlo, G., Lemke, P. & Jung, T. How increasing CO 2 leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 10–422 (2015).The Arctic contains some of the last and most extensive continuous wilderness areas in the world, and its significance in preserving biodiversity and genotypes is considerable. The increasing presence of humans fragments vital habitats. The Arctic is particularly susceptible to the abrasion of groundcover and to the disturbance of the rare breeding grounds of the animals that are characteristic to the region. The Arctic also holds 1/5 of the Earth's water supply. [15] Paleontology [ edit ] Marine fossils in Canadian Arctic Singh, H., Bitz, C. & Frierson, D. The global climate response to lowering surface orography of Antarctica and the importance of atmosphere-ocean coupling. J. Clim. 29, 4137–4153 (2016).
Addison, Kenneth (2002). Fundamentals of the physical environment. Routledge. p.482. ISBN 978-0-415-23293-7. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2015. Kirby, Alex (11 August 2020). "End of Arctic sea ice by 2035 possible, study finds". Climate News Network. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020 . Retrieved 3 September 2020. Update 09/22/2021: We've changed Multi-Device Pairing from 'No' to 'Bluetooth + Console/Non-BT Wireless' as these headphones can connect to a PS4 console and a Bluetooth device at the same time. You first connect the headphones' dongle to your PS4. Next, you press the headphones' 'Bluetooth' button to pair them with a phone. Once paired to both devices, you can hear audio from both devices simultaneously. As a result, we have updated our review, and the scoring of this box has changed.
Armour, K., Marshall, J., Scott, J., Donohoe, A. & Newsom, E. Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nat. Geosci. 9, 549–554 (2016). Gibbon, Guy E.; Kenneth M. Ames (1998). Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia. Vol.1537 of Garland reference library of the humanities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-0725-9. Hurrell, J. et al. The Community Earth System Model: a framework for collaborative research. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 94, 1339–1360 (2013). Other studies have highlighted the existence of a negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic continent: the instantaneous outgoing longwave radiation at the top-of-atmosphere increases, rather than decreases, with higher levels of atmospheric CO 2 50, 51, 52. That negative greenhouse effect, which only occurs in some months of the year, owes its existence to the tropospheric temperature inversion over the extremely cold Antarctic surface, and is enhanced by the relative absence of tropospheric water vapor in that region 53. While that negative greenhouse effect has indeed been observed from satellites (as documented by 53), it dissipates rapidly following abrupt CO 2-quadrupling in fully coupled GCMs due to fast stratospheric adjustments 54, and does not result in a cooling of the Antarctic surface. Furthermore, Flanner et al. 55 show that the net surface longwave radiative impact of greenhouse gases will always tend to heat the surface at high latitudes because of the local temperature inversion, regardless of whether the greenhouse effect is positive or negative at the top-of-atmosphere. In the present study, we do find that the net (downward) surface longwave flux with CO 2-doubling is greater when Antarctic orography is flattened. However, we are leery to attribute the surface-amplified warming with flat orography to this factor: analysis of surface radiative kernels indicates that anomalies in the downward longwave flux at the surface primarily arise as a consequence of surface temperature anomalies, rather being the cause of those anomalies 56. A thorough assessment of instantaneous radiative forcing, and of the accompanying rapid adjustments, is outside the scope of the present study, as we are here interested in the Antarctic surface climate response to CO 2-doubling at quasi-equilibrium, not in the details of the radiative forcing and adjustment immediately following the doubling of CO 2.
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