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The new batch – 150,000 years ago". The evolution of man. London: BBC Science & Nature. Archived from the original on January 18, 2006 . Retrieved April 28, 2015. the complex separation of modern human ancestors from archaic human groups about 300,000 to one million years ago Main articles: Archaic humans, Early modern human, Archaic human admixture with modern humans, and Human §Evolution Reconstruction of early Homo sapiens from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco c. 315 000 years BP Mixon, Bobbie; Ehardt, Carolyn; Hammer, Michael (September 6, 2011). "Evolution's Past Is Modern Human's Present" (Press release). National Science Foundation. Press Release 11-181. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014 . Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Caldwell, Sara B. (May 19, 2009). "Missing link found, early primate fossil 47 million years old". Digital Journal. Toronto, Canada. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015 . Retrieved April 27, 2015. Anatomically modern human populations continue to evolve, as they are affected by both natural selection and genetic drift. Although selection pressure on some traits, such as resistance to smallpox, has decreased in the modern age, humans are still undergoing natural selection for many other traits. Some of these are due to specific environmental pressures, while others are related to lifestyle changes since the development of agriculture (10,000 years ago), urbanization (5,000), and industrialization (250 years ago). It has been argued that human evolution has accelerated since the development of agriculture 10,000 years ago and civilization some 5,000 years ago, resulting, it is claimed, in substantial genetic differences between different current human populations, [207] and more recent research indicates that for some traits, the developments and innovations of human culture have driven a new form of selection that coexists with, and in some cases has largely replaced, natural selection. [208] Reconstruction of the upper Palaeolithic human Oase 2 c. 40 000 years BP [209]Anatomically, the evolution of bipedalism has been accompanied by a large number of skeletal changes, not just to the legs and pelvis, but also to the vertebral column, feet and ankles, and skull. [126] The femur evolved into a slightly more angular position to move the center of gravity toward the geometric center of the body. The knee and ankle joints became increasingly robust to better support increased weight. To support the increased weight on each vertebra in the upright position, the human vertebral column became S-shaped and the lumbar vertebrae became shorter and wider. In the feet the big toe moved into alignment with the other toes to help in forward locomotion. The arms and forearms shortened relative to the legs making it easier to run. The foramen magnum migrated under the skull and more anterior. [127] A more recent study conducted by a group of international authors confirmed that over 90% of climate scientists share the consensus that climate change is human-caused. Each time a certain mutation ( single-nucleotide polymorphism) appears in an individual and is passed on to his or her descendants, a haplogroup is formed including all of the descendants of the individual who will also carry that mutation. By comparing mitochondrial DNA which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose genetic marker is found in all modern humans, the so-called mitochondrial Eve, must have lived around 200,000 years ago. In 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere had been 280 parts per million (ppm) for several thousand years before the industrial era. By 1999, it had risen to 367 ppm, the IPCC said. He said the scientific community is as confident in human-caused climate change today as in the understanding of the theory of gravity.
a b c Ghosh, Pallab (March 4, 2015). " 'First human' discovered in Ethiopia". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015 . Retrieved April 19, 2015.Such a point in time may not have existed, when the majority of our ancestry was found in a small geographic region and the traits we associate with our species appeared. For now, it would be useful to move away from the idea of a single time and place of origin.' Homo georgicus, from Georgia, may be an intermediate form between Homo habilis and Homo erectus, [64] or a subspecies of Homo erectus. [65] Lordkipanidze, David; Vekua, Abesalom; Ferring, Reid; etal. (November 2006). "A fourth hominin skull from Dmanisi, Georgia". The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 288A (11): 1146–1157. doi: 10.1002/ar.a.20379. ISSN 1552-4884. PMID 17031841.
Led by John Cook, a researcher with the Climate Change Communication Research Hub at Australia's Monash University, American, British and Canadian researchers examined 11,944 climate abstracts published in peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011. It's true that within its 4.5-billion-year history, planet Earth has experienced periods of lesser and greater warmth. H. sapiens (the adjective sapiens is Latin for "wise" or "intelligent") emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago, likely derived from H.heidelbergensis or a related lineage. [109] [110] In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/ H. sapiens, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 260,000 and 350,000 years ago through a merging of populations in East and South Africa. [111] [112] It has been argued in a study of the life history of Ar. ramidus that the species provides evidence for a suite of anatomical and behavioral adaptations in very early hominins unlike any species of extant great ape. [28] This study demonstrated affinities between the skull morphology of Ar. ramidus and that of infant and juvenile chimpanzees, suggesting the species evolved a juvenalised or paedomorphic craniofacial morphology via heterochronic dissociation of growth trajectories. It was also argued that the species provides support for the notion that very early hominins, akin to bonobos ( Pan paniscus) the less aggressive species of the genus Pan, may have evolved via the process of self-domestication. Consequently, arguing against the so-called "chimpanzee referential model" [29] the authors suggest it is no longer tenable to use chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) social and mating behaviors in models of early hominin social evolution. When commenting on the absence of aggressive canine morphology in Ar. ramidus and the implications this has for the evolution of hominin social psychology, they wrote:The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved around 2.8million years ago, [32] and is arguably the earliest species for which there is positive evidence of the use of stone tools. The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, although it has been suggested that this was the time in which the human SRGAP2 gene doubled, producing a more rapid wiring of the frontal cortex. During the next million years a process of rapid encephalization occurred, and with the arrival of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster in the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled to 850cm 3. [33] (Such an increase in human brain size is equivalent to each generation having 125,000 more neurons than their parents.) It is believed that H.erectus and H.ergaster were the first to use fire and complex tools, and were the first of the hominin line to leave Africa, spreading throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.3to1.8 million years ago. The study also revealed that for the last 2,000 years Earth has actually been in a natural cooling period in terms of its position relative to the sun. In 1998, researchers from the US University of Massachusetts Amherst and the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona published a study showing the average annual global temperature over the past 1,000 years. Archaeologists working in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya have discovered the oldest known stone tools in the world. Dated to around 3.3million years ago, the implements are some 700,000 years older than stone tools from Ethiopia that previously held this distinction. [189] [286] [287] [288]
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