Tobar 9941 Fake Dog Poo, Mixed

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Ziani, K; Ioniță-Mîndrican, CB; Mititelu, M; Neacșu, SM; Negrei, C; Moroșan, E; Drăgănescu, D; Preda, OT (25 January 2023). "Microplastics: A Real Global Threat for Environment and Food Safety: A State of the Art Review". Nutrients. 15 (3): 617. doi: 10.3390/nu15030617. PMC 9920460. PMID 36771324. Oyster shells are sustainable - don't rely on GMOs, deforestation, competition with human food production or chemicals (e.g. fertilisers, pesticides, etc) or fossil fuel guzzling machinery

Plastic debris is categorized as macrodebris when it is larger than 20mm. These include items such as plastic grocery bags. [3] Macrodebris are often found in ocean waters, and can have a serious impact on the native organisms. Fishing nets have been prime pollutants. Even after they have been abandoned, they continue to trap marine organisms and other plastic debris. Eventually, these abandoned nets become too difficult to remove from the water because they become too heavy, having grown in weight up to 6 tonnes. [3] Plastic productionMarine life is one of the most important when one is affected by plastic pollution. Plastic pollution puts animals' lives in danger and is in constant fear of extinction. Marine wildlife such as seabirds, whales, fish and turtles mistake plastic waste for prey; most then die of starvation as their stomachs become filled with plastic. They also suffer from lacerations, infections, reduced ability to swim, and internal injuries. [112] This evidence tells us how damaged marine wildlife is being affected by plastic pollution, they bring up how many animals mistake plastic for prey and eat it without knowing. "Globally, 100,000 marine mammals die every year as a result of plastic pollution. This includes whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals and sea lions". [113] This evidence tells us the statistics of how many marine mammals really are negatively affected enough to die from plastic pollution.

Duncan Hooper; Rafael Cereceda (20 April 2018). "What plastic objects cause the most waste in the sea?". Euronews. Otaga, Y. (2009). "International Pellet Watch: Global monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal waters. 1. Initial phase data on PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs" (PDF). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58 (10): 1437–1446. Bibcode: 2009MarPB..58.1437O. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.06.014. PMID 19635625. Aggarwal,Poonam; (et al.) Interactive Environmental Education Book VIII. Pitambar Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 8120913736 Global Brand Audit Report 2019". Break Free From Plastic. 18 October 2019 . Retrieved 18 November 2019. hermesauto (6 September 2016). "Plastic bags clogging Bangkok's sewers complicate efforts to fight floods". The Straits Times . Retrieved 17 November 2020.

a b c d Azevedo-Santos, Valter M.; Brito, Marcelo F. G.; Manoel, Pedro S.; Perroca, Júlia F.; Rodrigues-Filho, Jorge Luiz; Paschoal, Lucas R. P.; Gonçalves, Geslaine R. L.; Wolf, Milena R.; Blettler, Martín C. M.; Andrade, Marcelo C.; Nobile, André B. (2021). "Plastic pollution: A focus on freshwater biodiversity". Ambio. 50 (7): 1313–1324. doi: 10.1007/s13280-020-01496-5. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 8116388. PMID 33543362. Plastic pollution takes hundreds of years to break down and inflicts serious damage on our ocean, rivers and land. It is also a source of greenhouse gas emissions, from its production and manufacture to the way it is disposed.

Marine plastic pollution is a type of marine pollution by plastics, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to microplastics formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic. [100] [101] Microplastics and nanoplastics result from the breakdown or photodegradation of plastic waste in surface waters, rivers or oceans. Recently, scientists have uncovered nanoplastics in heavy snow, more specifically about 3,000 tons that cover Switzerland yearly. [102] a b c d Mbachu, O., Jenkins, G., Kaparaju, P., & Pratt, C. (2021). The rise of artificial soil carbon inputs: Reviewing microplastic pollution effects in the soil environment. Science of the Total Environment, 780, 146569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146569 An underestimated threat: Land-based pollution with microplastics". sciencedaily.com. 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2019.As of 2019, 368 million tonnes of plastic is produced each year; 51% in Asia, where China is the world's largest producer. [13] From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated. [14] This large amount of plastic waste enters the environment and causes problems throughout the ecosystem; for example, studies suggest that the bodies of 90% of seabirds contain plastic debris. [15] [16] In some areas there have been significant efforts to reduce the prominence of free range plastic pollution, through reducing plastic consumption, litter cleanup, and promoting plastic recycling. [17] [18]

An Australian single-use plastic reduction initiative, Plastic Free July, that began in 2011 in Perth, Western Australia has gained a significant global outreach. As of 2022, it had a record 140 million participants making conscious changes and reducing their waste by 2.6 million tonnes in 2022. [15] In 2022, in recognition of its contributions to promoting single-use plastic pollution solutions, Plastic Free July was one of two finalists in the annual UN Sustainable Development Action Awards. [18] Canada In January 2019 a "Global Alliance to End Plastic Waste" was created by companies in the plastics industry. The alliance aims to clean the environment from existing waste and increase recycling, but it does not mention reduction in plastic production as one of its targets. [139] Moreover, subsequent reporting has suggested the group is a greenwashing initiative. [140] [141] [142] The Clean Ocean Initiative plans to give €4 billion in funding towards decreasing plastic waste at sea by the end of 2025. Improved wastewater treatment in Sri Lanka, Egypt, and South Africa are some examples, as is solid waste management in Togo and Senegal. [155] [156] [157] [158] Voluntary reduction efforts failing The state of Maharashtra, India effected the Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products ban 23 June 2018, subjecting plastic users to fines and potential imprisonment for repeat offenders. [246] [247]

Microdebris are plastic pieces between 2mm and 5mm in size. [37] Plastic debris that starts off as meso- or macrodebris can become microdebris through degradation and collisions that break it down into smaller pieces. [3] Microdebris is more commonly referred to as nurdles. [3] Nurdles are recycled to make new plastic items, but they easily end up released into the environment during production because of their small size. They often end up in ocean waters through rivers and streams. [3] Microdebris that come from cleaning and cosmetic products are also referred to as scrubbers. Because microdebris and scrubbers are so small in size, filter-feeding organisms often consume them. [3] In the year 2022 Canada announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December 2022. The sale of those items will be banned from December 2023 and the export from 2025. The prime minister of Canada Justin Trudeau pledged to ban single use plastic in 2019. [225] China Barrett, Justine; Chase, Zanna; Zhang, Jing; Holl, Mark M. Banaszak; Willis, Kathryn; Williams, Alan; Hardesty, Britta D.; Wilcox, Chris (2020). "Microplastic Pollution in Deep-Sea Sediments From the Great Australian Bight". Frontiers in Marine Science. 7. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.576170. ISSN 2296-7745. S2CID 222125532. Available under CC BY 4.0. a b c d e Le Guern, Claire (March 2018). "When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide". Coastal Care.