Shocktato Party Game - The Hilariously Funny Game of Shocking Potato

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Wang L, Guo K, Li Y, Tu Y, Hu H, Wang B, Cui X, Peng L. Expression profiling and integrative analysis of the cesa/csl superfamily in rice. BMC Plant Biol. 2010;10(1):282. Hsp20s are ATP-independent molecular chaperones and can form oligomeric protein complexes of 200–800 kDa, which consist of 9 to 50 subunits [ 14, 15]. Hsp20 can avert protein denaturation, and thus maintain the stability and normal functions of proteins in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells [ 6, 16]. The existing evidence suggests that Hsp20 plays an important role in plant heat tolerance. Hsp20s possess a conserved structure, consisting of a variable N-terminal region, a more conserved C-terminal region and a C-terminal extension [ 6]. The more conserved C-terminal region is usually named as the alpha-crystallin domain (ACD), which contains approximately 80 to 100 amino acid residues. The three different regions possess varied functions. The ACD functions in substrate interactions, while the N-terminal region participates in substrate binding and the C-terminal extension is responsible for homo-oligomerization [ 17, 18, 19, 20]. The ACD contains two conserved regions, one in the N-terminal consensus region and the other is connected through a hydrophobic β6-loop at the C-terminal common region. The two conserved regions consist of 4 anti-parallel sheets and 3 β-strands respectively [ 16, 21]. Furthermore, unlike other Hsp families, the Hsp20 gene family exhibits extensive sequence variability and evolutionary divergence [ 22]. Primer Premier 5 was used to design primers specific to the StHsp20 genes (Additional file 3: Table S3). Total RNA was extracted using an RNAsimple Total RNA Kit (BioTeke, Beijing, China). The cDNA was reverse-transcribed by First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit, ReverTra Ace-α (TOYOBO, Shanghai, China). All of the operational procedures followed the manufacturer’s protocols. Before the qRT-PCR analysis, 1 μl cDNA was diluted with 4 μl nuclease-free water. Siddique M, Gernhard S, Koskulldöring PV, Vierling E, Scharf KD. The plant sHsp superfamily: five new members in Arabidopsis thaliana with unexpected properties. Cell Stress Chaperon. 2008;13(2):183. Whilst cultivated potato is generally a cool climate crop, there is significant variation in response to heat stress between cultivars (Levy, 1986; Levy etal., 1991; Marinus and Bodlaender, 1975; Mendoza and Estrada, 1979; Menzel, 1985; Midmore and Prange, 1991), in land races and wild potato species (Hetherington etal., 1983; Mendoza and Estrada, 1979; Reynolds and Ewing, 1989) and in progeny clones from heat‐tolerant parents (Haynes and Haynes, 1983; Mendoza and Estrada, 1979; Morpurgo etal., 1985; Veilleux etal., 1997). Despite reported variation, we are unaware of any reports that identify QTL for heat tolerance in potato. In contrast, in other crop species, QTL mapping studies have proven useful in identifying markers linked to heat stress tolerance. Multiple loci for heat tolerance have been identified in wheat (Paliwal etal., 2012) and maize (Messmer etal., 2009). A major QTL for high‐temperature germination and an additional QTL having smaller effects were identified in a genetic analysis of lettuce seed thermo‐inhibition (Argyris etal., 2008).

Yu J, Cheng Y, Feng K, Ruan M, Ye Q, Wang R, Li Z, Zhou G, Yao Z, Yang Y, Wan H. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of tomato Hsp20 gene family in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1215. Stability of high specific gravity genotypes of potatoes under high temperatures. Am. Potato J. 60, 17–26. [ Google Scholar] Lafta AM, Lorenzen JH (1995) Effect of high temperature on plant growth and carbohydrate metabolism in potato. Plant Physiol 109(2):637–643. https://doi.org/10.2307/4276846 Sources of heat tolerance amongst potato cultivars, breeding lines, and Solanum species. Euphytica 55, 235–245. [ Google Scholar]

Momčilović I, Pantelić D, Zdravković-Korać S, Oljača J, Rudić J, Fu J. (2016). Heat-induced accumulation of protein synthesis elongation factor 1a implies an important role in heat tolerance in potato. Planta. 2016;244(3):671–9. Alexa A, Rahnenfuhrer J, Lengauer T (2006) Improved scoring of functional groups from gene expression data by decorrelating GO graph structure. Bioinformatics 22:1600–1607. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl140 Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25(25):4876–82. Cofactor Tpr2 combines two TPR domains and a J domain to regulate the Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone system. EMBO J. 22, 3613–3623. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Total RNA from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-O) was isolated using RNeasy® mini kit (Qiagen, Germany), and followed by treating with DNase-I (Wiame et al. 2000). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was then generated from the total RNA using the Super Script Transcriptase III Kit (Life Technologies, CA, USA) and the oligo (dt) primers according to the supplier’s instructions. The cDNA was used as a template and denatured at 94 °C for 2 min before the PCR-based amplification. The AtHsfA1d was amplified with gene-specific primers using the newly synthesized cDNA as template.

Herman DJ, Knowles LO, Knowles NR (2017) Heat stress affects carbohydrate metabolism during cold-induced sweetening of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). Planta 245(3):563–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2626-z Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15):2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170 To reveal the mechanisms of potato Hsp20s coping with abiotic stresses, analyses of the potato Hsp20 gene family were conducted using bioinformatics-based methods. In total, 48 putative potato Hsp20 genes ( StHsp20s) were identified and named according to their chromosomal locations. A sequence analysis revealed that most StHsp20 genes (89.6%) possessed no, or only one, intron. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that all of the StHsp20 genes, except 10, were grouped into 12 subfamilies. The 48 StHsp20 genes were randomly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Nineteen tandem duplicated StHsp20s and one pair of segmental duplicated genes ( StHsp20-15 and StHsp20-48) were identified. A cis-element analysis inferred that StHsp20s, except for StHsp20-41, possessed at least one stress response cis-element. A heatmap of the StHsp20 gene family showed that the genes, except for StHsp20-2 and StHsp20-45, were expressed in various tissues and organs. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of StHsp20 genes and demonstrated that the genes responded to multiple abiotic stresses, such as heat, salt or drought stress. The relative expression levels of 14 StHsp20 genes ( StHsp20-4, 6, 7, 9, 20, 21, 33, 34, 35, 37, 41, 43, 44 and 46) were significantly up-regulated (more than 100-fold) under heat stress. Conclusions Mogk A, Bukau B. Role of sHsps in organizing cytosolic protein aggregation and disaggregation. Cell Stress Chaperon. 2017;22(4):493–502.Rizhsky L, Liang H, Shuman J, Shulaev V, Davletova S, Mittler R (2004) When defense pathways collide. The response of Arabidopsis to a combination of drought and heat stress. Plant Physiol 134(4):1683–1696. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.033431