The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire

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Strangled in Istanbul on 18 August 1648 at the behest of the Grand Vizier Mevlevî Mehmed Paşa (Sofu Mehmed Pasha). Niccola della Tuccia, whose Cronaca di Viterbo written in the autumn of 1453 contains unique information a b c d e Pertusi, Agostino, ed. (1976). La Caduta di Costantinopoli, I: Le testimonianze dei contemporanei. (Scrittori greci e latini)[ The Fall of Constantinople, I: The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers] (in Italian). Vol.I. Verona: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla. They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle, particularly the Janissaries... and when one or two of them were killed, at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones... without caring how near they came to the city walls. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. [51] Siege of Constantinople as depicted between 1453 and 1475 [66]

Toynbee, Arnold J. (1974). "The Ottoman Empire's Place in World History". In Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.). The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East. Vol.11. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03945-2. OCLC 1318483 . Retrieved 2009-05-02. Killed on 5 July 1413 by Mehmed Çelebi's forces in the battle of Çamurlu Derbent near Samokov in Bulgaria. [23] Vasiliev, Alexander (1928). A History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II. Vol.II. Translated by Ragozin, S. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts On File. pp. 383–384. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1.

Foster, Charles (22 September 2006). "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire". Contemporary Review. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. It is the end of the Middle Ages ) a b Norwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-41650-1. Branković, being a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, had to send 1,500 soldiers to help Mehmed II in his siege of Constantinople. [1] [2] a b M.J Akbar (3 May 2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. p.86. ISBN 978-1-134-45259-0. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020 . Retrieved 6 August 2020. Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold. Yet the Empire's fateful decision to support Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914, despite its successfully defending itself for much of the war, doomed it to disaster, breaking it up into a series of European colonies and what emerged as an independent Saudi Arabia.

Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles (240km) away, Mehmed now had to undertake the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces. In preparation for the final assault, Mehmed had an artillery train of 70 large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne, in addition to the bombards cast on the spot. [62] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. [26] :374 [37] :77–78 There was another large bombard, independently built by Turkish engineer Saruca, that was also used in the battle. [59] [60] a b c Mansel, Philip. "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453–1924". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019 . Retrieved 7 August 2020. This is a tremendously thought provoking and interesting book. Although I wouldn't boast of having read much directly on this subject, Prof. Gingeras along with Sean McMeekin's 'The Ottoman End Game' are best works in English on this subject, I have read other books on the history of the middle east so had some knowle

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Lars Brownworth (15 September 2009). Lost to the West: The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization. Crown. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-307-46241-1. When Constantine sent emissaries to remind Mehmed that he was breaking his oath and to implore him to at least spare the neighboring villages, Mehmed had the ambassadors executed. Kritovoulos (or Kritoboulos). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Charles T. Riggs. Greenwood Press Reprint, 1970. ISBN 978-0-8371-3119-1. The Morean (Peloponnesian) fortress of Mystras, where Constantine's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. [105] :446 Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state, but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life. In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. In 1461, the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. [105] :446 Starting in the 1600s, the Ottoman Empire began to lose its economic and military dominance over Europe. a b c Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660. Routledge. p.511. ISBN 978-1-351-87376-5. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 September 2019.

The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Hakkert. 1973. ISBN 978-90-256-0626-8– via Google Books. Andrews, Walter; Kalpakli, Mehmet (13 January 2005). The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Duke University Press. p.2. ISBN 978-0-8223-3424-8. Some people who are familiar with the history of stories about sex and love will recognize close parallels to the story of Saint Pelagius, the thirteen-year- old Christian martyr of the early tenth century, said to have been a beautiful and pious youth, who was tortured and dismembered by the Cordoban caliph 'Abdu'r-Rahman III when he refused the caliph's sexual advances." It is easy to see how it could have seemed meaningful and hopeful to a Greek mourning lost Byzantium to reference the cult of Saint Pelagius, which for centuries provided spiritual energy to the Spanish Reconquista. Thus, although it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul... After the Battle of Ankara, İsa Çelebi defeated Musa Çelebi and took the western Anatolian territories for approximately two years. Geōrgios Phrantzēs (1980). The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-290-9– via Google Books.

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Saving the Third Rome. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia". IWM. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2016. The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase īs tīmbolī(n) ( Greek: εἰς τὴν πόλιν, translit. eis tēn pólin, "to the City"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law. [121] [122] [123] Primary sources [ edit ] Madden, Thomas (2005). Crusades: The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-11463-4. This culminated in a global conflict that doomed the tsars, the Habsburgs—and the sultans. The author generally admires the way great geopolitical entities adapt to new circumstances. His focus is on Turkey, but he describes other shape-shifting regimes, such as the Soviet leaders who assumed the foreign policy of imperial Russia, even as they celebrated its overthrow. The mighty empire’s influence is still very much alive in the present-day Turkish Republic, a modern, mostly secular nation thought of by many scholars as a continuation of the Ottoman Empire. Sources

Jones, Erik; Genugten, Saskia van (2018). Europe and Islam. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-20724-5– via Google Books.Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople’s ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. Mehmed surrounded Constantinople from land and sea while employing cannon to maintain a constant barrage of the city’s formidable walls. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. Context Beg, Tursun (1978). The History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Inalcik, Halil; Murphey, Rhoads. Chicago: Biblioteca Islamica. a b c Ivanović, Miloš (2019). "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure". The Hungarian Historical Review. 8 (2): 390–410. ISSN 2063-8647. JSTOR 26902328. Lanning, Michael Lee (2005). The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles. Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 1-4022-2475-3.