Triflora Contemporary Black Nickel Festive Reindeer Ornament

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a b c d Rozhkov, Yu.I.; Davydov, A.V.; Morgunov, N.A.; Osipov, K.I.; Novikov, B.V.; Mayorov, A.I.; Tinaev, N.I.; Chekalova, T.M.; Yakimov, O.A. (2020). "Генетическая Дифференциация Северного Оленя Rangifer tarandus L. По Пространству Евразии В Связи С Особенностями Его Деления На Подвиды" [Genetic Differentiation of the Reindeer Rangifer tarandus L. Across Eurasia in Connection with the Peculiarities of Its Division into Subspecies]. Геномика [Genomics]. Кролиководство И Звероводство[ Rabbit Breeding and Fur Farming] (in Russian) (2): 23–36. doi: 10.24411/0023-4885-2020-10203 (inactive 1 August 2023). {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023 ( link) Kolpasсhikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. E. (2015). "The role of harvest, predators, and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America" (PDF). Ecology and Society. 20. doi: 10.5751/ES-07129-200109. a b Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". In Jeffries, M. O.; Richter-Menge, J. A.; Overland, J. E. (eds.). Arctic Report Card 2013 (PDF). NOAA Arctic Research Program. pp.96–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2022 . Retrieved 16 November 2022.

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (13 December 2022). "Fun Facts about Reindeer and Caribou". Food and Drug Administration. a b c d e f g h i j k l Harding, Lee E. (26 August 2022). "Available names for Rangifer (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) species and subspecies". ZooKeys (1119): 117–151. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1119.80233. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 9848878. PMID 36762356. Reindeer have been domesticated at least two and probably three times, in each case from wild Eurasian tundra reindeer after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). [204] [49] Recognizably different domestic reindeer breeds include those of the Evenk, Even, and Chukotka-Khargin people of Yakutia and the Nenets breed from the Nenets Autonomous district and Murmansk region; [205] the Tuvans, Todzhans, Tofa (Tofalars in the Irkutsk Region), the Soyots (the Republic of Buryatia), and the Dukha (also known as Tsaatan, the Khubsugul) in the Province of Mongolia. [206] The Sámi ( Sápmi) have also depended on reindeer herding and fishing for centuries. [207] :IV [208] :16 In Sápmi, reindeer are used to pull a pulk, a Nordic sled. [91] Tomson Highway, CM [241] is a Canadian and Cree playwright, novelist, and children's author, who was born in a remote area north of Brochet, Manitoba. [241] His father, Joe Highway, was a caribou hunter. His 2001 children's book entitled Caribou Song/ atíhko níkamon was selected as one of the "Top 10 Children's Books" by the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail. The young protagonists of Caribou Song, like Tomson himself, followed the caribou herd with their families.Krivoshapkin, A.A. (2016). "Миграция диких северных оленей ( Rangifer tarandus L.) таймырской популяции на территорию северо-западной Якутии" [Migration of wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L.) of the Taimyr population to the territory of northwestern Yakutia]. ВЕСТНИК СВФУ[ SVFU Bulletin Биологические науки [Biological Sciences]]. 6: 15–20. Boreal woodland caribou were designated as Threatened in 2002 by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, (COSEWIC). [35] Environment Canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34 000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada ( Environment Canada, 2011b). [36] "According to Geist, the "woodland caribou is highly endangered throughout its distribution right into Ontario." [7] Ongoing human development of their habitat has caused populations of boreal woodland caribou to disappear from their original southern range. In particular, boreal woodland caribou were extirpated in many areas of eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century. Professor Marco Musiani of the University of Calgary said in a statement that "The woodland caribou is already an endangered subspecies in southern Canada and the United States...[The] warming of the planet means the disappearance of their critical habitat in these regions. Caribou need undisturbed lichen-rich environments and these types of habitats are disappearing." [203] The scientific name Tarandus rangifer buskensis Millais, 1915 (the Busk Mountains reindeer) was selected as the senior synonym to R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933, in Mammal Species of the World [7] but Russian authors [17] do not recognize Millais and Millais' articles in a hunting travelogue, The Gun at Home and Abroad, [96] seem short of a taxonomic authority. [9]

When the antler growth is fully grown and hardened, the velvet is shed or rubbed off. To the Inuit, for whom the caribou is a "culturally important keystone species", the months are named after landmarks in the caribou life cycle. For example, amiraijaut in the Igloolik region is "when velvet falls off caribou antlers." [129] The reindeer has large feet with crescent-shaped cloven hooves for walking in snow or swamps. According to the Species at Risk Public Registry ( SARA), woodland [131] DNA analysis indicates that reindeer were independently domesticated at least twice: in Fennoscandia and Western Russia (and possibly also Eastern Russia). [226] Reindeer have been herded for centuries by several Arctic and sub-Arctic peoples, including the Sámi, the Nenets and the Yakuts. They are raised for their meat, hides and antlers and, to a lesser extent, for milk and transportation. Reindeer are not considered fully domesticated, as they generally roam free on pasture grounds. In traditional nomadic herding, reindeer herders migrate with their herds between coastal and inland areas according to an annual migration route and herds are keenly tended. However, reindeer were not bred in captivity, though they were tamed for milking as well as for use as draught animals or beasts of burden. Millais (1915), [96] for example, shows a photograph (Plate LXXX) of an "Okhotsk Reindeer" saddled for riding (the rider standing behind it) beside an officer astride a steppe pony that is only slightly larger. Domestic reindeer are shorter-legged and heavier than their wild counterparts. [ citation needed] In Scandinavia, management of reindeer herds is primarily conducted through siida, a traditional Sámi form of cooperative association. [227] The color of the fur varies considerably, both between individuals and depending on season and species. Northern populations, which usually are relatively small, are whiter, while southern populations, which typically are relatively large, are darker. This can be seen well in North America, where the northernmost subspecies, the Peary caribou, is the whitest and smallest subspecies of the continent, while the Selkirk Mountains caribou (Southern Mountain population DU9) [123] is the darkest and nearly the largest, [118] only exceeded in size by Osborn's caribou (Northern Mountain population DU7). [123]In traditional United States Christmas legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to good children on Christmas Eve. The status of the Dolphin-Union "herd" was upgraded to Endangered in 2017. [201] In NWT, Dolphin-Union caribou were listed as Special Concern under the NWT Species at Risk (NWT) Act (2013).

While overall widespread and numerous, some reindeer species and subspecies are rare and three subspecies have already become extinct. [29] [30] As of 2015, the IUCN has classified the reindeer as Vulnerable due to an observed population decline of 40% over the last +25 years. [2] According to IUCN, Rangifer tarandus as a species is not endangered because of its overall large population and its widespread range. [2] a b c d e f g h i Gunn, A. (2016). " Rangifer tarandus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29742A22167140. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29742A22167140.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021. restricted to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, after those reindeer west of the Sea of Okhotsk were found to actually be R. t. sibiricus [8] [23]According to Olaus Magnus's Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus – printed in Rome in the year 1555 – Gustav I of Sweden sent 10 reindeer to Albert, Duke of Prussia, in the year 1533. It may be these animals that Conrad Gessner had seen or heard of. a b c d Flagstad, Oystein; Roed, Knut H. (2003). "Refugial origins of reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences" (PDF). Evolution. 57 (3): 658–670. doi: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0658:roorrt]2.0.co;2. PMID 12703955. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 4 January 2013.

The wild reindeer areas in Norway". Villrein.no - alt om villrein (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 14 November 2022. Among Baffin Island caribou the TFL2 allele was the most common allele (p=0.521), while this allele was absent, or present in very low frequencies, in other caribou populations (Table 1), including the Canadian barren-ground caribou from the Beverly herd. A large genetic difference between Baffin Island caribou and the Beverly herd was also indicated by eight alleles found in the Beverly herd which were absent from the Baffin Island samples. The late Valerius Geist (1998) [14] dates the Eurasian reindeer radiation dates to the large Riss glaciation (347,000 to 128,000 years ago), based on the Norwegian-Svalbard split 225,000 years ago. [61] Finnish forest reindeer ( R. t. fennicus) likely evolved from Cervus [Rangifer] geuttardi Desmarest, 1822, a reindeer that adapted to forest habitats in Eastern Europe as forests expanded during an interglacial period before the LGM (the Würmian or Weichsel glaciation);. [57] The fossil species geuttardi was later replaced by R. constantini, which was adapted for grasslands, [62] in a second immigration 19,000–20,000 years ago when the LGM turned its forest habitats into tundra, while fennicus survived in isolation in southwestern Europe. [57] R. constantini was then replaced by modern tundra/barren-ground caribou adapted to extreme cold, probably in Beringia, before dispersing west ( R. t. tarandus in the Scandinavian mountains and R. t. sibiricus across Siberia) and east ( R. t. arcticus in the North American Barrenlands) when rising seas isolated them. Likewise in North America, DNA analysis shows that woodland caribou ( R. caribou) diverged from primitive ancestors of tundra/barren-ground caribou not during the LGM, 26,000–19,000 years ago, as previously assumed, but in the Middle Pleistocene around 357,000 years ago. [63] [64] At that time, modern tundra caribou had not even evolved. Woodland caribou are likely more related to extinct North American forest caribou than to barren-ground caribou. For example, the extinct caribou Torontoceros [Rangifer] hypogaeus, had features (robust and short pedicles, smooth antler surface, and high position of second tine) that relate it to forest caribou. [65]Island of Novaya Zemlya”; type specimen “In the possession of H. J. Pearson, Esq., Bramcote, Nottinghamshire, England” (Flerov, 1933). Siberia, Russia, [8] Franz Josef Land during the Holocene from >6400–1300 cal. BP (from where it has been extirpated) [94] Highlight on a Species at Risk - Tǫdzı (Boreal Caribou)". Wek’èezhìi Renewable Resources Board. 2021 . Retrieved 15 November 2022. Jenkins et al. (2018) [87] also reported genetic distinctiveness of Baffin Island caribou from all other barren-ground caribou; its genetic signature was not found on the mainland or on other islands; nor were Beverly herd (the nearest mainly barren-ground caribou) alleles present in Baffin Island caribou, evidence of reproductive isolation. A large red deer stag one early misty morning calling to the females. - Getty Where can you see reindeer in the UK? Cairngorms Reindeer Centre, Scotland