Celtic Empire (Dirk Pitt, 25)

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The Celtic military pressure toward Greece in the southern Balkans reached its turning point in 281 BC. The collapse of Lysimachus' successor kingdom in Thrace opened the way for the migration. [5] The cause for this is explained by Pausanias as greed for loot, [6] by Justin as a result of overpopulation, [7] and by Memnon as the result of famine. [8] According to Pausanias, an initial probing raid led by Cambaules withdrew when they realized they were too few in numbers. [6] In 280 BC, a great army comprising about 85,000 warriors [9] left Pannonia, split into three divisions, and marched south in a great expedition [10] [11] to Macedon and central Greece. Under the leadership of Cerethrius, 20,000 men moved against the Thracians and Triballi. Another division, led by Brennus [12] and Acichorius [13] [14] moved against the Paionians, while the third division, headed by Bolgios, aimed for the Macedonians and Illyrians. [6] The Dying Gaul, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Galatians Shield boss. Copper-alloy, 350–150 BC. Found in Wandsworth, on the bed of the River Thames, London. Diam. 32.8 cm. British Museum, 1858,1116.2.

The earliest known reference to the habitants of Britain was by Pytheas, a Greek geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the British Isles between 330 and 320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the following centuries made much reference to them. The ancient Greeks called the people of Britain the Pretanoí or Bretanoí. [2] Pliny's Natural History (77 AD) says the older name for the island was Albion, [2] and Avienius calls it insula Albionum, "island of the Albions". [7] [8] The name could have reached Pytheas from the Gauls. [8] The Latin name for the Britons was Britanni. [2] [9] This distinction is remarked upon in William M. Ramsay (revised by Mark W. Wilson), Historical Commentary on Galatians 1997:302; Ramsay notes the 4th century AD Paphlagonian Themistius' usage Γαλατίᾳ τῇ Ἑλληνίδι. Further information: Galatia, Galatians (people), and Tylis Ethnogenesis and migrations of the Volcae. Die Schnippenburg im Fokus der Archäologie". Archäologie Online (in German). 2 July 2007 . Retrieved 2020-11-28. Walter Thornbury (1878). "Highbury, Upper Holloway and King's Cross". Old and New London: Volume 2. British History Online. pp.273–279 . Retrieved 11 November 2010.

Champion warfare was an important common aspect of Celtic mythology, with examples in the Ulster cycle, the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi and the Arthurian cycle. In the Táin Bó Cúailnge, chiefly the story of Ulaid hero Cú Chulainn, he defeats an entire army from Connacht one by one in single combat.

Unlike modern military systems, Celtic groups did not have a standardized regular military. Instead, their organization varied depending on clan groupings and social class within each tribe. Gallic groups, originating from the various La Tène chiefdoms, began a southeastern movement into the Balkans from the 4th century BC. Although Gallic settlements were concentrated in the western half of the Carpathian basin, there were notable incursions and settlements within the Balkans. dx.doi.org. doi: 10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-20/wschupbach/figure11 http://dx.doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-20/wschupbach/figure11 . Retrieved 2022-08-05. {{ cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= ( help)

Goucher, Candice (24 January 2022). Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p.206. ISBN 978-1-4408-6825-2. Antenna swords of the Hallstatt B period (c. 10th century BC), found near Lake Neuchâtel (in Auvernier and Cortaillod; Laténium inv. nr. AUV-40315 and CORT-216, respectively) Gauls thwarted by Juno's sacred geese during the scaling of the Capitoline Hill following the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC. Contemporary color lithograph after a lost painting by Henri-Paul Motte (1883). The Britons spoke an Insular Celtic language known as Common Brittonic. Brittonic was spoken throughout the island of Britain (in modern terms, England, Wales, and Scotland). [2] [14] According to early medieval historical tradition, such as The Dream of Macsen Wledig, the post-Roman Celtic speakers of Armorica were colonists from Britain, resulting in the Breton language, a language related to Welsh and identical to Cornish in the early period, and is still used today. Thus, the area today is called Brittany (Br. Breizh, Fr. Bretagne, derived from Britannia). Bochnak, Tomasz; Harasim, Przemysław. "Reparierte Waffen der vorrömischen Eisenzeit in der Przeworsk- und Oksywie-Kultur, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt Jahrgang 45 · 2015 · Heft 4". {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help)