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Faxneld, Per; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard, eds. (2013). The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977923-9 . Retrieved 28 June 2020. ILY sign is sometimes confused with this gesture because many users tend to do the "horns" improperly by extending their thumb. Klaits, Joseph (1985). Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20422-4. JSTOR j.ctt16xwc16 . Retrieved 28 May 2020.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gnosticism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Dissection Guitarist: Jon Nödtveidt Didn't Have Copy of 'The Satanic Bible' at Suicide Scene". Blabbermouth. 23 August 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011.In Manichaeism, God and the devil are two unrelated principles. God created good and inhabits the realm of light, while the devil (also called the prince of darkness [80] [81]) created evil and inhabits the kingdom of darkness. The contemporary world came into existence, when the kingdom of darkness assaulted the kingdom of light and mingled with the spiritual world. [82] At the end, the devil and his followers will be sealed forever and the kingdom of light and the kingdom of darkness will continue to co-exist eternally, never to commingle again. [83] a b c d ,B.d.,Spinoza,B.(1985). The Collected Works of Spinoza, Volume I.Vereinigtes Königreich:Princeton University Press. Palermo, George B.; Michele C. Del Re: Satanism: Psychiatric and Legal Views (American Series in Behavioral Science and Law). Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd (November 1999) It is not known to what extent accusations of groups worshiping Satan in the time of the witch trials identified people who did consider themselves Satanists, rather than being the result of religious superstition or mass hysteria, or charges made against individuals suffering from mental illness. Confessions are unreliable, particularly as they were usually obtained under torture. [68] However, scholar Jeffrey Burton Russell, Professor Emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, has made extensive arguments in his book Witchcraft in the Middle Ages that not all witch trial records can be dismissed and that there is in fact evidence linking witchcraft to Gnostic Christian heretical movements, particularly the antinomian sects. [69] Russell comes to this conclusion after having studied the source documents themselves. Individuals involved in the Affair of the Poisons were accused of Satanism and witchcraft. [70] Birgül Açikyildiz The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion I.B. Tauris 2014 ISBN 978-0-857-72061-0 p. 74
Ahmadi, Nader; Ahmadi, Fereshtah (1998). Iranian Islam: The Concept of the Individual. Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer. p.80. ISBN 978-0-230-37349-5. Hertenstein, Mike; Jon Trott, Selling Satan: The Evangelical Media and the Mike Warnke Scandal (Chicago: Cornerstone Press, 1993) Beelzebub is originally the name of a Philistine god (more specifically a certain type of Baal, from Ba‘al Zebûb, lit. "Lord of Flies") but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for the devil. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub", appears in The Divine Comedy ( Inferno XXXIV).In Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, Immanuel Kant uses the devil as the personification of maximum moral reprehensibility. Deviating from the common Christian idea, Kant does not locate the morally reprehensible in sensual urges. Since evil has to be intelligible, only when the sensual is consciously placed above the moral obligation can something be regarded as morally evil. Thus, to be evil, the devil must be able to comprehend morality but consciously reject it, and, as a spiritual being ( Geistwesen), having no relation to any form of sensual pleasure. It is necessarily required for the devil to be a spiritual being because if the devil were also a sensual being, it would be possible that the devil does evil to satisfy lower sensual desires, and does not act from the mind alone. The devil acts against morals, not to satisfy sensual lust, but solely for the sake of evil. As such, the devil is unselfish, for he does not benefit from his evil deeds. Polka, B. (2007). Between Philosophy and Religion, Vol. II: Spinoza, the Bible, and Modernity. Ukraine: Lexington Books.
In conclusion, the Devil Sign, a hand gesture with a rich history and diverse meanings, has found its way into our digital communication. While controversies and misunderstandings may arise, it is essential to approach symbols with an open mind and respect for cultural differences. Understanding the origins, symbolism, and popular uses of the Devil Sign can help dispel misconceptions and foster meaningful conversations. a b Jeffrey Burton Russell, The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity, Cornell University Press 1987 ISBN 978-0-801-49409-3, p. 99 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Tau Cross – Symbol of the god Mathras of the Persians and the Aryans of India. To them, Mathras was an “angel of light” or the “heavenly light”. It is used in modern Masonry under the symbol of the T square MUSS - Student Cheer Section for the U of U Utes - University of Utah Alumni Association | MUSS". Alumni.utah.edu. March 18, 2011 . Retrieved August 13, 2012.Inverted Pentagram – Used in witchcraft and occult rituals to conjure up evil spirits. Satanists use it 2 points up and pagans use it one point up. Any way it is used symbolizes evil. It matters not if two points are up or one. It matters not if it has a circle around it. It still is a symbol of Satan. See the pentagram in Signs of Witchcraft
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