Mental Zoo: Animals in the Human Mind and its Pathology

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Obsessive-compulsive behavior in animals, often called " stereotypy" or "stereotypical behavior" can be defined as a specific, unnecessary action (or series of actions) repeated more often than would normally be expected. It is unknown whether animals are able to 'obsess' in the same way as humans, and because the motivation for compulsive acts in non-human animals is unknown, the term "abnormal repetitive behavior" is less misleading. So how abnormal is the behaviour of captive chimpanzees? In 1023 hours of focal animal sampling of wild chimpanzees in Uganda, none of the abnormal behaviours listed in this study were observed (Newton-Fisher, unpublished data). In contrast, seventeen of 37 behaviours we detailed in this study have been reported to occur (albeit rarely) in wild chimpanzees [20], [38]. The most prevalent form of ‘abnormal’ behaviour in this and other studies of captive populations – coprophagy – has been reported from at least six wild populations [42] and it may also be transmitted by social learning [29]. If this – or other – behaviour is ‘abnormal’ in captive chimpanzees, it may be the rate at which it is performed rather than simple occurrence that deviates from the behaviour of wild chimpanzees. Jacobs, B.; Rally, H.; Doyle, C.; O’Brien, L.; Tennison, M.; Marino, L. Putative Neural Consequences of Captivity for Elephants and Cetaceans. Rev. Neurosci. 2022, 33, 439–465. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Alpha Training Creatine contains one of the most well studied forms of creatine available - Creatine Monohydrate. It's a water-soluble form with a good bioavailability. The micronised formula means it's easily dissolved in liquids meaning you won't come across any annoying lumps when you're drinking.Wemelsfelder, F.; Haskell, M.; Mendl, M.T.; Calvert, S.; Lawrence, A.B. Diversity of Behaviour during Novel Object Tests Is Reduced in Pigs Housed in Substrate-Impoverished Conditions. Anim. Behav. 2000, 60, 385–394. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Fritz J, Maki S, Nash LT, Martin T, Matevia M (1992) The relationship between forage material and levels of coprophagy in captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology 11: 313–318. Boström, J.E.; Dimitrova, M.; Canton, C.; Håstad, O.; Qvarnström, A.; Ödeen, A. Ultra-Rapid Vision in Birds. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0151099. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Belyaeva, T.V. Dynamic Architecture. Interaction with City, Nature, Man. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 687, 055015. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Alpha Protein Blend (82% Whey Protein Concentrate, Whey Protein Isolate, Hydrolysed Whey Protein), Natural Flavouring, Natural Colours, Lightly Alkalised Fat Reduced Cocoa Powder, Sucralose (Sweetener), Xanthan Gum, DigeZyme®, Lecithin (Emulsifier).

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