RED5 Round Mini Volcano Lamp - Miniature Novelty Bubble Desk Light

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Beaven S, Wilson T, Johnston L, Johnston D, Smith R (2017) Role of boundary organization after a disaster: New Zealand’s natural hazards research platform and the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Nat Hazards Rev 18(2):05016003 Metzger P, D’Ercole R, Sierra A (1999) Political and scientific uncertainties in volcanic risk management: the yellow alert in Quito in October 1998. GeoJournal 49:213–221

Beaven S, Wilson T, Johnston L, Johnston D, Smith R (2016) Research engagement after disasters: research coordination before, during, and after the 2011–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence, New Zealand. Earthquake Spectra 32(2):713–735 Locations of anomalous volcanism (i.e. forming at great distances from plate boundaries) are commonly referred to as 'hot spot' volcanoes. There are two currently debated explanations of how this volcanism is generated: The research that Cash et al. ( 2003) built on had already established that coordinated efforts of the kind invoked by Papale ( 2017) necessarily occur at the hybrid, dynamic interface between scientific and other communities, where the strategic demarcation of scientific and other tasks involves inevitable crossover (Guston 2001; Jasanoff 2011a, b; Parker and Crona 2012; Drimie and Quinlan 2011). In this article, we start from this understanding; it is not possible to restrict scientists to science when they are communicating scientific information across the boundary that divides science and non-science knowledge domains, and neither is it best practice. Both studies also bring scientists closer solving the mystery of volcanic lighting. "It's surprising that there are really different processes inside a volcanic eruption plume system that generate electrification," van Eaton said. "It opens a world of questions that we didn't even know existed." Brantley SR, Geological survey (U.S.) (1990) The eruption of redoubt volcano, Alaska, December 14, 1989–August 31, 1990. U.S. Geological Survey circular, vol 1061. US Government Printing Office

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Legitimacy relies on the perception that the processes through which information has been generated and disseminated have included and balanced the interests and knowledge of all involved (Cash et al. 2003; Sarkki et al. 2013). This can be difficult to do using VALS, since they are not a static tool but rather change in purpose as the volcano ramps up and down from an eruption, and during various phases of eruptive activity. VALS have in effect been used to encompass at least two roles, driven by demand from users, consisting of a forecasting tool with warnings and a reportage tool describing what was happening at the volcano, such as an eruption, also seen in Quito, Ecuador, in 1998 (Metzger et al. 1999). This combination of roles can help to make a range of users become more expert, increasing understanding of the history of the relevant volcano and awareness of what to watch out for, so that once an alert level is issued they know how to respond (AVO user—NWS 2). Hill DP, Mangan MT, McNutt SR (2017) Volcanic unrest and hazard communication in Long Valley volcanic region, California. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_32 David PA, Greenstein S (1990) The economics of compatibility standards: an introduction to recent research. Econ Innov New Technol 1:3–41

Newhall C (1999) Professional conduct of scientists during volcanic crises. Bull Volcanol 60(5):323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008908Despite these variances, the possibility of developing a globally standardised VALS for ground hazards has been considered. After exploring this possibility at volcano conferences in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Scott ( 2007) concluded that there cannot be international uniformity in VALS due to the wide range in volcanic eruptions and hazards, and the recurrence of activity that requires a wide variety of needs to be catered for. Scott questioned the standardisation process, asking if it actually “undermines the important function they achieve” (Scott 2007, p. 90).