Chrysanthemum Manual of the National Chrysanthemum Society

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De Jong J (1989) The flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium seedlings and cuttings in relation to seasonal fluctuation in light. Sci Hortic 41(1–2):117–124 These chrysanthemums have a small, globe-like bloom that is flatter when young and becomes round as it ages. The florets are either incurved or reflex in a regular fashion. The flower size can range from 1 to 4 inches. Class 7 - Single and Semi-Double Martin C, Uberhuaga E, Perez C (2002) Application of RAPD markers in the characterization of chrysanthemum varieties and assessment of somaclonal variation. Euphytica 127(2):247–253. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020215016347

Gilbertz DA (1992) Chrysanthemum response to timing of paclobutrazol and uniconazole sprays. Am Soc Horticult Sci 27(4):322–323 New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126. Their 2023 Chrysanthemum Show will be held from October 28 through November 12, 2023. The word “kiku” means “chrysanthemum” in Japanese, and the title for this show is “Kiku: Spotlight on Tradition”. Additional information at https://www.nybg.org/about/press-room/image-listing/exhibitions/kiku-the-art-of-the-japanese-garden/ Bellingrath Gardens and Home, 12401 Bellingrath Gardens Road, Theodore AL 36582, November 1 through November 30, 2023. Additional information at Bellingrath Gardens. This display features cascades, baskets and container grown mums. It bills itself as the largest outdoor chrysanthemum display in the country. https://bellingrath.org/cascading-mums/Competitive chrysanthemum growing is a pastime enjoyed by communities across the Western Cape. Those who participate are serious competitors, but at the end of the day it is not just about winning but upholding a century-old tradition. Darlington CD (1973) Chromosoma botany and the origins of cultivated plants, 3rd edn. G. Allen and Unwin Ltd., London

Renou JP, Brochard P, Jalouzot R (1993) Recovery of transgenic chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) after hygromycin resistance selection. Plant Sci 89:185–197 The Chrysanthemum flower originates from China and was originally used for herbal tea, says Richard Williams, treasurer of the National Chrysanthemum Society of South Africa. There are different species and cultivars of chrysanthemums, according to Williams. “In most cases [for growing] we used the old English cultivars. These days with the men bringing in new flowers, we use Japanese cultivars and Chinese cultivars,” he says. PHOTOS: Supplied/Richard Williams Pavingerová D, Dostál J, Bísková R, Benetka V (1994) Somatic embryogenesis and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chrysanthemum. Plant Sci 97:95–101 The National Chrysanthemum Society of South Africa (NCSSA) was founded in 2003, according to Richard Williams, treasurer of the NCSSA. Though the club initially only had members from the Western Cape, they hoped that other provinces would also participate in competitive chrysanthemum growing, he says. PHOTO: Joel Ontong Broertjes C, Van Harten AM (1988) Applied mutation breeding for vegetatively propagated crops. Elsevier, AmsterdamSaghai-Maroof MA, Soliman KM, Jorgensen RA, Allard RW (1984) Ribosomal DNA spacer length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal location, and population dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81(24):8014–8018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.24.8014 All lots in DNW auctions are automatically reserved at the bid step which reflects 80% of the lower estimate figure, unless otherwise instructed by the vendor. The growers are also honest with each other and will tell their competitors when their flowers are not up to standard, shares Williams.

In the beginning, I wasn’t very good. I started from the bottom. The first eight years I didn’t win any prizes at the shows,” Mentoor shares. “Then a friend taught me some things and told me, ‘If I grew like you do, I would have given up a long time ago.’ But I told him, for me it’s about the love [for chrysanthemums].” Datta SK, Chakrabarty D (2005) Classical mutation breeding and molecular methods for genetic improvement of ornamentals. In: Datta SK (ed) Role of classical mutation breeding in crop improvement. Daya Publishing House, Delhi, pp 260–303 See how the cascading mums are grown at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUTcQbWrowk&feature=emb_logo or https://bellingrath.org/experiences/events/cascading-mum-display/

Chrysanthemum growing is not just about winning prizes, it is also about the sheer enjoyment of growing a beautiful flower and sustaining a piece of heritage, according to Williams. “You can’t make money from this because it’s more about spending money. It’s a hobby,” he says. Mulford FL (1937) Results of selfing twenty-four early blooming chrysanthemums. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 35:818–821 Watanabe K (1983) Studies on the control of diploid-like meiosis in polyploid taxa of Chrysanthemum. IV. Colchiploids and the process of cytogenetical diploidization. Theor Appl Genet 66:9–14 Wolff K, Rijn PV, Hofstra H (1994) RFLP analysis in chrysanthemum probe and primer development. Theor Appl Genet 88(3–4):472–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223663 These are the giant blooms in the chrysanthemum world. Many of the chrysanthemums in the ogiku, or single stem, display at Kiku come from this class. Some of the ozukuri, or thousand bloom, come from this class as well. The florets are loosely incurved, meaning that they cure upward and fold into the center of the plant. The lower florets on the flower fall in an irregular pattern giving the bloom a skirted look. Many of the flowers in this category are 6 to 8 inches across. Class 2- Reflex