Anna Maria Mussolini (Biografie)

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George Orwell. "Shopkeepers At War" First published: The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius. London: February 19, 1941. Mussolini was very reserved about his family history. It was only in 2004 that he published a book, entitled Il Duce, mio padre ( The Leader, My Father), followed by a similar book in 2005, collecting personal memories and accounts of private confidences and discussions with his father. Fascism is a religious conception in which man is seen in his immanent relationship with a superior law and with an objective Will that transcends the particular individual and raises him to conscious membership of a spiritual society. Whoever has seen in the religious politics of the Fascist regime nothing but mere opportunism has not understood that Fascism besides being a system of government is also, and above all, a system of thought.

Romano Mussolini was a native of Villa Carpena, Forlì ( Emilia-Romagna), Romano Mussolini studied music as a child, playing classical pieces with his father on the violin. After World War II, he started playing jazz under the assumed name "Romano Full". [2] Musical career [ edit ] The Holocaust Encyclopedia defines fascism as "a far-right political philosophy, or theory of government, that emerged in the early twentieth century. Fascism prioritizes the nation over the individual, who exists to serve the nation." and as "an ultranationalist, authoritarian political philosophy. It combines elements of nationalism, militarism, economic self-sufficiency, and totalitarianism. It opposes communism, socialism, pluralism, individual rights and equality, and democratic government." [8] By fascists [ edit ] Benito Mussolini [ edit ] Alessandra Mussolini barred from election because of faked signatures" by John Hooper, The Guardian, 14 March 2005 At 20, he became a lieutenant in the Italian Air Force and participated in his father's campaign against Ethiopi Villa Torlonia ( Residenza) · Palazzo Venezia · Rocca delle Caminate · Palazzo Feltrinelli · Cripta Mussolini

Mussolini’s rise to power

Sent an Italian force to join the invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1941, even though this had not been requested by Hitler.

a civil ethic founded on total dedication to the national community, on discipline, virility, comradeship, and the warrior spirit; Partito Socialista Italiano (1900-1914) · Fasci italiani di combattimento (1919-21) · Partito Nazionale Fascista (1921-43) · Partito Fascista Repubblicano (1943-45) Hungarian philosopher György Lukács in his works The Destruction of Reason (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1952) and Zur Kritik der faschistischen Ideologie (1989) considers the ideology of fascism as the "demagogic synthesis" of all the irrationalist trends of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the Romantic critique of capitalism ( Carlyle) which after 1848 turned into "indirect apologetics" of capitalism ( Nietzsche), anti-democratic or "aristocratic epistemology" (Lukács' term for philosophies that considered knowledge to be the privilege of an elite, first expressed in Schelling's concept of intellectual intuition and culminating in the metaphysical views of Henri Bergson), emphasis on myth and mysticism, the rejection of humanism, a cult of personality around the leader, the subjugation of reason to instinct, the conception of the nation and people in clearly biological terms, the glorification of war, etc.. According to Lukács, the historical significance of Hitler and Mussolini lies not in that they brought anything new to the ideological field, but in that they condensed all existing reactionary and irrationalist ideologies of the past and through their successful national and social demagogy brought them "from the scholar's study and intellectual coteries to the streets." [45] [46] Leon Trotsky [ edit ]a b von Mises, Ludwig (1985). Liberalism (3rded.). San Francisco: Cobden Press. p.48. ISBN 0-930439-23-6. Ernst Nolte, a German historian and Hegelian philosopher, defined fascism in 1965 as a reaction against other political movements, especially Marxism: "Fascism is anti-Marxism which seeks to destroy the enemy by the evolvement of a radically opposed and yet related ideology and by the use of almost identical and yet typically modified methods, always, however, within the unyielding framework of national self-assertion and autonomy." [24] Nolte also argued that fascism functioned at three levels: in the world of politics as a form of opposition to Marxism, at the sociological level in opposition to bourgeois values, and in the "metapolitical" world as "resistance to transcendence" ("transcendence" in German can be translated as the "spirit of modernity"). [25] :47–48 Kevin Passmore [ edit ] Tonelli, Matteo (31 January 2001). "la Repubblica/politica: Calci e insulti il duello e' servito". www.repubblica.it . Retrieved 3 April 2019. F]ascism is best defined as a revolutionary form of nationalism, one that sets out to be a political, social and ethical revolution, welding the "people" into a dynamic national community under new elites infused with heroic values. The core myth that inspires this project is that only a populist, trans-class movement of purifying, cathartic national rebirth (palingenesis) can stem the tide of decadence. Mussolini suddenly left the National Alliance on 28 November 2003, following the visit of party leader and the Deputy Prime Minister Gianfranco Fini to Israel, where he described fascism as part "the absolute evil" with regard to the Holocaust as he apologised for Italy's role as an Axis Power during the Second World War. [29] Mussolini, however, defended the right of Israel to exist and declared that the world "should beg forgiveness of Israel." [30]

Kessler, Friedrich (1944). "Natural Law, Justice and Democracy – Some Reflections on Three Types of Thinking About Law and Justice". Tulane Law Review. 19 (32): 52–53.

In the Spring 2003 issue of the secular humanist magazine Free Inquiry, Laurence W. Britt, who is described as "a retired international businessperson, writer, and commentator" published "Fascism Anyone?", which included a list of 14 defining characteristics of fascism. The list has since been widely circulated in both modified and unmodified forms. [49] In a newspaper interview in 2004, Britt expanded and clarified the meaning of some of the points in his list, and discussed how they applied to the United States at that time. [50]

When World War II began in September 1939 Mussolini was humiliatingly obliged to remain neutral, despite having signed the Pact of Steel, due to Italy being militarily unprepared. He entered the war on the side of the Axis on 10 June 1940, and sent forces to join the invasion of France. He invaded Greece in the autumn. In March 2005, Mussolini was banned by a local court from regional elections held the following month for presenting fraudulent signatures. [42] "This is an affront to democracy, if they're going to exclude the Social Alternative they will have to exclude all the parties, because all the signature lists are false," Mussolini told Reuters. [43] Mussolini went on a hunger strike to protest the decision. [44] However, at the end of the month Italy's top administrative court, the Council of State, annulled the decision and she stood for election. [45] an emphasis on discipline, manliness and militarism– linked to authoritarianism and often involving the use of paramilitary forces. Alessandra Mussolini (born 30 December 1962) is an Italian politician, the granddaughter of Benito Mussolini, [1] [2] [3] [4] and a former actress, singer, and model. She currently serves as a Member of the European Parliament for Forza Italia. In 2004, she became the first woman to lead a political party in Italy. [5] She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013 and the Italian Senate from 2013 to 2014 where she was elected under The People of Freedom which is now part of Forza Italia. She was elected to the European Parliament in 2014.Fascism is not a form of state power "standing above both classes – the proletariat and the bourgeoisie," as Otto Bauer, for instance, has asserted. It is not "the revolt of the petty bourgeoisie which has captured the machinery of the state," as the British Socialist Brailsford declares. No, fascism is not a power standing above class, nor government of the petty bourgeoisie or the lumpen-proletariat over finance capital. Fascism is the power of finance capital itself. It is the organization of terrorist vengeance against the working class and the revolutionary section of the peasantry and intelligentsia. In foreign policy, fascism is jingoism in its most brutal form, fomenting bestial hatred of other nations.... The development of fascism, and the fascist dictatorship itself, assume different forms in different countries, according to historical, social and economic conditions and to the national peculiarities, and the international position of the given country." György Lukács [ edit ] In December 2020, she left politics for a new television career. [7] She took part, as contestant, in Milly Carlucci's Ballando con le stelle and in Carlo Conti's Tale e quale show obtaining success. Griffin writes that a broad scholarly consensus developed in English-speaking social sciences during the 1990s, around the following definition of fascism: [17] Imperfectly fluent in English, French, and German, and spoke these languages with a very heavy accent. The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines fascism as a "political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had adherents in western Europe, the United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East.", adding that "Although fascist parties and movements differed significantly from one another, they had many characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation." [7] Holocaust Encyclopedia [ edit ]