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The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw increasing sophistication in British life. About 100 BC, iron bars began to be used as currency, while internal trade and trade with continental Europe flourished, largely due to Britain's extensive mineral reserves. Coinage was developed, based on continental types but bearing the names of local chieftains. This was used in southeast England, but not in areas such as Dumnonia in the west.
Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view. Ball, Martin J. & James Fife (ed.). 1993. The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01035-7. Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA". BBC News. 22 December 2021 . Retrieved 21 January 2022. Pearson, Mike; Julian Thomas (September 2007). "The Age of Stonehenge" (PDF). Antiquity. 811 (313): 617–639. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00095624. S2CID 162960418. The most successful king was Cunobelinus (Cymbeline), but after his death in the late 30's AD, his kingdom was beset by rivalries between his successors.
Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (2012). The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-67455-3. On the eve of Boudicca's revolt in what is today East Anglia, the Roman Army has only just completed the long and difficult task of conquering the tribes living in the Welsh Mountains. At the time of the Roman Conquest people in this region wore swords carried in distinctive local metal scabbards that were highly decorated. In the early Middle Ages, following the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, the Anglo-Saxons called all Britons Bryttas or Wealas (Welsh), while they continued to be called Britanni or Brittones in Medieval Latin. [2] From the 11th century, they are more often referred to separately as the Welsh, Cumbrians, Cornish, and Bretons, as they had separate political histories from then. [2]
Koch, John. "New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal" . Retrieved 10 May 2010.The oldest people in Wales– Neanderthal teeth from Pontnewydd Cave". National Museum of Wales. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. They were a small, but distinctive group of people who farmed the chalk hills of the Yorkshire Wolds. Fossils of very early Neanderthals dating to around 400,000 years ago have been found at Swanscombe in Kent, and of classic Neanderthals about 225,000 years old at Pontnewydd in Wales. Britain was unoccupied by humans between 180,000 and 60,000 years ago, when Neanderthals returned. By 40,000 years ago they had become extinct and modern humans had reached Britain. But even their occupations were brief and intermittent due to a climate which swung between low temperatures with a tundra habitat and severe ice ages which made Britain uninhabitable for long periods. The last of these, the Younger Dryas, ended around 11,700 years ago, and since then Britain has been continuously occupied. The Britons ( * Pritanī, Latin: Britanni), also known as Celtic Britons [1] or Ancient Britons, were the indigenous Celtic people [2] who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age until the High Middle Ages, at which point they diverged into the Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons (among others). [2] They spoke Common Brittonic, the ancestor of the modern Brittonic languages. [2]
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