Jan Sobieski: The King Who Saved Europe

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a b Şakul, Kahraman (2021). II. Viyana Kuşatması Yedi Ejderin Fendi (in Turkish). İstanbul: Timaş Publishing. p.228. ISBN 978-6050835663. Howard N. Lupovitch (2009). Jews and Judaism in World History. Routledge. p.120. ISBN 978-1-135-18965-5. de Battaglia, O.Forst. The Cambridge History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p.539. ISBN 9781001288024.

a b c d e Şakul, Kahraman (2021). II. Vİyana Kuşatması Yedi Ejderin Fendi (in Turkish). İstanbul: Timaş Publishing. p.392. ISBN 978-6050835663. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference J.A. Hammerton (2007). Peoples of All Nations: Their Life Today And Story of Their Past. Concept Publishing Company. p.4142. ISBN 978-81-7268-144-9.

The main Ottoman army laid siege to Vienna on 14 July. On the same day, Kara Mustafa sent the traditional demand that the city surrender to the Ottoman Empire. [Note 4] Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, leader of the remaining 15,000 troops and 8,700 volunteers with 370 cannons, refused to capitulate. Only days before, he had received news of the mass slaughter at Perchtoldsdorf, [30] a town south of Vienna, where the citizens had handed over the keys of the city after having been given a similar choice but were killed anyway. Siege operations started on 17 July. [20] :660 On the third day, Emperor Leopold I was awaited, who wanted to find out what the Christian troops would do after the Lithuanian army had joined them. The entire army now numbered hundreds of thousands of soldiers. It was decided to continue fighting, not satisfied with the victory already won. The troops under the command of Jan III Sobieski headed towards Hungary, where the fight against the Turks continued. Only after the fall of the USSR and the new accessibility of Mitteleuropa did our two authors investigate their respective family histories, each visiting not only a variety of archive collections but also many of the dots on the map from which so much had emanated. I have sent several Dispatches to Forein Princes to give Notice of this Action, but the King of France was forgotten. Ján III. Sobieski (* 17. august 1629, Olesko – † 17. jún 1696, Wilanów) bol kráľ Poľska od roku 1674.

a b Stoye, John (2011) [2007]. The Siege of Vienna: The Last Great Trial between Cross & Crescent. Pegasus Books. p.175. The tactic of husaria included a special kind of charge, which proved to be decisive in many battles won by Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. By concentrating the formation at the last, crucial moment before crushing the enemy, it was able to completely break the enemy lines, while still being able to change formation or direction even a short time before crushing the opponent. By combining speed and mobility with advantages of strong formations, it was effective against both eastern and western armed forces. Apart from Vienna, other famous battles were Kircholm (1605 against Sweden) and Klushino (1610 against Russia). a b c Miltiades Varvounis (2012). JAN SOBIESKI. Xlibris Corporation. p.189. ISBN 978-1-4628-8082-9.Sobieski wrote two letters on the night after the battle in the captured vizier’s tent. One to Pope Innocent XI – with the words Venimus, vidimus et Deus vicit (We came, we saw and God conquered), the second to his wife, Marysieńka, starting with the words: God and our Lord blessed forever gave victory and glory to our nation which past ages the past have never heard of. The Polish troops were joined, among others, by Saxon, Bavarian, Swabian-Frankish, and Lower-Rhine troops. According to this account, Sobieski was everywhere where the fiercest battles occurred. Despite the fact that the enemy’s line was slightly longer than the united Christian states, these troops managed to push the enemy’s forces as far as his camp. These forces lost 30 departments.

Kahraman (2021). II. Viyana Kuşatması Yedi Ejderin Fendi (in Turkish). İstanbul: Timaş Publishing. p.302. ISBN 978-6050835663. Henderson’s narrative, like Wasserstein’s, includes a wide range of memorable personalities as we move into and then beyond the Vienna of Freud, Mahler and Klimt. a b c Kenneth Meyer Setton (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. pp. 266–269. ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7. According to Austrian Ambassador Kunitz, the besieging Ottoman army had already decreased to 90,000 combatants as of 12 August. Kunitz also claimed that he learned from Ottoman captives that casualties were reaching 20,000 by end of August (other Austrian sources give Ottoman casualties as 12,000 until 13 August, demonstrating a steady increase in casualties of the Ottoman army in the days of siege [39]). An Ottoman account captured after battle recorded the number of casualties as 48,544 until 10 September: 10,000 janissary, 12,000 sipahi (elite heavy cavalry), 16,000 beldar (digger), 6,000 engineer (in Turkish lağımcı: miner), 2,000 provincial sipahi and 2,000 Tatars, totaling 48,544 deaths. [40] Compounding this, desertion (Ottoman sources and Luigi Marsigli give a 1/4 desertion of the Ottoman army [3]) and disease diminished the Ottoman army on a large scale. According to Ottoman sources, the number of soldiers decreased from 120,000 (according to Kunitz, the Ottoman army totalled 180,000 men and 1/3 of the army was stationed away from the siege [37]) to a warweary 40,000 soldiers. K. Şakul combines Kunitz's 90,000 combatant information for 12 August with an Ottoman casualties list, estimating the Ottoman army as 90,000 men (65,000 soldiers, around 60 guns and 25,000 rear service) [3] but Kunitz's 90,000 combatant information belongs to 12 August while the Ottoman list is for 10 September. [40] The Ottoman vassals of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia were assigned to hold bridges on key retreat routes, thus not participating in the battle. The Tatar vassals were expected to participate in battle by the Ottomans but the mostly irregular Tatar horsemen demonstrated little effectiveness in battle, dissimilar to previous engagements. A lone 28,400 to 50,000 Ottoman army would battle against the relief army consisting of 65,000 soldiers (68,000 misinformation is originated from counting the 3,000 Polish contingent twice joined to the relief army beforehand) with 165–200 guns. [41] Staging the battle [ edit ] The relief of Vienna on 12 September 1683

Red. (Eds.) (1962–1964). Jan III Sobieski (in Polish). Vol.X. {{ cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored ( help) The year 1672 saw internal politics destabilizing the Commonwealth, as the pro-French faction of Sobieski and pro-court faction of King Michał formed two confederations, which despite major Ottoman incursions in the south seemed more concerned with one another than with uniting to defend the country. [17] The court faction called openly for confiscation of his estates and dismissal from office, and declared him an "enemy of the state". [17] This division culminated in the humiliating Treaty of Buchach, where the Commonwealth was forced to cede territories to the Ottomans, but promise an annual tribute. [18] Sobieski eventually succeeded in balancing politics and national defense, and a combination of his military victories over the invaders, and successful negotiations at the Sejm in April 1673, led to a compromise in which the court faction dropped its demands and challenges against him. [17] Henry Elliot Malden (2014). Salus Vienna Tua: The great siege of 1683. Soldiershop Publishing. pp.79–. ISBN 978-88-96519-84-4. On 5 July 1665, he married the widow of Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski, Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien (1641–1716), of Nevers, Burgundy, France. Their children were: F. L. Carsten (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 5, The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88. CUP Archive. p.564. ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5.

Let's look how Turkish chroniclers were describing this event in 17th century. For them it was a holy war and there was a belief that no "European heathen dogs" could beat warriors of Allah in the field. This way they focused on searching for the reasons of defeat among themselves. Also, in the morning, Jan III Sobieski went for Tatar and other troops, and because they could not cross the Danube River, as all the bridges had been demolished earlier, they headed towards Gran and Stulweissenberg. Some historians maintain that the battle marked a turning point in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, a 300-year struggle between the Holy Roman and Ottoman Empires. During the 16 years following the battle, the Austrian Habsburgs would gradually influence and conquer southern Hungary and Transylvania, which was largely cleared of Ottoman forces. The battle is noted for including the largest known cavalry charge in history.The German forces resumed the offensive on the left front at 3:30pm. At first, they encountered fierce resistance and were unable to make progress. However, by 5:00pm they had begun to advance and taken the villages of Unterdöbling and Oberdöbling. Imperial forces were now closing in on the central Ottoman position (the "Türkenschanze"), [47] and as they made preparations for a final push, the Polish cavalry began to take action. [28] Battle of Vienna, painting by Gonzales Franciscus Casteels