King & Priory Union Jack Tie, Mens Neck Tie, Great Britain Tie

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a b c d Quirk, Joel; Richardson, David (1 December 2010). "Religion, Urbanisation and Anti-Slavery Mobilisation in Britain, 1787–1833". European Journal of English Studies. 14 (3): 263–279. doi: 10.1080/13825577.2010.517298. ISSN 1382-5577. S2CID 144274555. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. Legislative power is exercised by Parliament, composed of two chambers, the House of Lords and House of Commons. There is no official language but English dominates with 95%. The British are mostly Protestant. Anglicanism was established in England in 1534, when it was interrupted by relations with the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England was organized as an official religion. The United Kingdom's high literacy rate (99% at age 15 and above) [6] is attributable to universal state education, introduced at the primary level in 1870 ( Scotland 1872, free 1890 [7]) and at the secondary level in 1900. Parents are obliged to have their children educated from the ages of 5 to 16 years. In England, 16-17 year olds should remain in education, employment or training (for example, in the form of A-Levels, vocational training, and apprenticeships), until the age of 18. [8] Dying in a tax year when the individual was not UK resident in any of the two prior tax years and they spent less than 46 days in the United Kingdom in the year in question. a b Galley (31 December 2021). "Infant Mortality in England, 1538–2000: Decline in the Twentieth Century". Local Population Studies. 107 (1): 122–196. doi: 10.35488/lps107.2021.122. S2CID 250470810.

During the Industrial Revolution, the demographic transition started to occur within the United Kingdom, going from a pre-industrial society demographically to one of an industrialised society. By 1841 Census, the population of England and Wales rested at 15.9million, [5] [20] doubling in the space of 40 years, for Ireland 8.2million [5] [20] [21] and for Scotland 2.6million. [5] [20] This slowed rate of growth for Scotland may be attributed to higher net emigration of Scottish people out of the nation, and two typhus epidemics in 1837 and 1847. [5] Europe's Growing Muslim Population". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2022.TS038 - Disability - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 8 May 2023.

Cultural considerations such as decline in religious adherence (albeit little data on this matter during the 19th century) have also been considered as reasons. [40] While these factors altogether are debated by demographers as to which were more important than each other, it is generally accepted that due to these factors overall, mothers could begin to invest more time and nurture 'quality' into their offspring rather than having an increased 'quantity' of children that were needed in the past for various such reasons, and that this development led to the decrease of the total fertility rate. [42]The population of the UK in the last recorded census in 2011 was 63 million, of whom 31million were male and 32million female. The 2011 census recorded the population of England as 53.0million, Scotland as 5.3million, Wales as 3.1million, and Northern Ireland as 1.8million. [27] At the last recorded population estimate, it was estimated that the UK population was at a total of 67,081,234 people. The ‘sufficient ties’ test is met if the individual does not meet any of the automatic UK tests or the automatic overseas tests but has ‘sufficient UK ties’ in a year to make them UK resident. The possible ties are set out in the legislation. They are the family tie, the accommodation tie, the work tie, the 90 day tie (i.e. 90 days or more spent in the United Kingdom in either of the previous two tax years), and the country tie (i.e. the United Kingdom is the country in which an individual spends most of their time).

Estimates of the very old (including centenarians), UK – Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2017. The Countries of the UK". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2017. Spending at least 183 days in the United Kingdom in the year. An individual will be present for a day if they were in the United Kingdom at the end of the day, unless they were only in the United Kingdom for either ‘exceptional circumstances’ or they were in transit between arrival in the United Kingdom and departure from the United Kingdom. These exceptions are subject to an additional 'deeming rule' that looks at the individual’s presence in the United Kingdom, their ties to the United Kingdom, and their UK residency position in the prior three tax years. Where the deeming rule applies, any of these days in excess of 30 days will be treated as days in the United Kingdom for the 183 count.

a b Panayi, Panikos (11 September 2014). An Immigration History of Britain: Multicultural Racism since 1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86423-3.