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The various medicinal properties of spearmint essential oil can be found below. [1] Speeds Wound Healing Engel, W. (2001). "In vivo studies on the metabolism of the monoterpenes S-(+)- and R-(−)-carvone in humans using the metabolism of ingestion-correlated amounts (MICA) approach". J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 (8): 4069–4075. doi: 10.1021/jf010157q. PMID 11513712. Fungal diseases are common diseases in spearmint. Two main diseases are rust and leaf spot. Puccinia menthae is a fungus that causes the disease called "rust". Rust affects the leaves of spearmint by producing pustules inducing the leaves to fall off. Leaf spot is a fungal disease that occurs when Alternaria alernata is present on the spearmint leaves. The infection looks like circular dark spot on the top side of the leaf. Other fungi that cause disease in spearmint are Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae, Phoma strasseri, and Erysiphe cischoracearum. [28] Nematode diseases [ edit ] The health benefits of spearmint essential oil can be attributed to its properties as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, emmenagogue, restorative, and a stimulant substance.

Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology

Herrlinger KA, Nieman KM, Sanoshy KD, et al. Spearmint extract improves working memory in men and women with age-associated memory impairment. J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(1):37-47. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0379 Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Kocak A, et al. Effects of peppermint teas on plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and testicular tissue in rats. Urology 2004;64:394-8. View abstract.Caraway was used for medicinal purposes by the ancient Romans, [3] but carvone was probably not isolated as a pure compound until Franz Varrentrapp (1815–1877) obtained it in 1849. [2] [13] It was originally called carvol by Schweizer. Goldschmidt and Zürrer identified it as a ketone related to limonene, [14] and the structure was finally elucidated by Georg Wagner (1849–1903) in 1894. [15] Preparation [ edit ] This essential oil stimulates the secretion of hormones and the discharge of enzymes, gastric juices, and bile. It also stimulates nerves and brain function and promotes good blood circulation. This keeps the metabolic activity at a high rate and also boosts the strength of the immune system because stimulating blood circulation boosts immunity and toxin removal. Restorative

Spearmint Oil - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Spearmint Oil - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Spearmint oil contains chemicals that reduce swelling and affect hormone levels in the body, including testosterone. Some chemicals might also harm cancer cells and kill bacteria. In the body, in vivo studies indicate that both enantiomers of carvone are mainly metabolized into dihydrocarvonic acid, carvonic acid and uroterpenolone. [19] (–)-Carveol is also formed as a minor product via reduction by NADPH. (+)-Carvone is likewise converted to (+)-carveol. [20] This mainly occurs in the liver and involves cytochrome P450 oxidase and (+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase. a b "Spearmint | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11 . Retrieved 2018-12-10. Arumugam, P. Priya N. Subathra M. Ramesh A. Environmental Toxicology & Pharmacology 2008;26(1):92-95. Initially, Yousuf et al. [ 97] orally administered single doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg of whole plant methanolic extract to mice of both sexes. After 24 hours of observation, no mortality or signs of toxicity were noticed. One year later, aerial parts of the same extract at a dose of 5000 mg/kg of extract (the limit test dose according to OECD guidelines 425) showed similar results in female rats [ 113]. Indeed, during the 14 days of oral gavage, no mortality was recorded, considering the LD 50 to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. In addition, no changes in the behavior and the bodyweight of the animals were observed. At the end of the experiment and after sacrificing animals, there were no toxicologically significant biochemical and hematological changes compared to the control group. The histological evaluation did not reveal any morphological changes or gross lesions in the lung, kidney, liver, and heart tissues. These results corroborate those obtained by Kedia et al. [ 66]. They recorded low toxicity (LD 50 = 8342.33 μL/kg) of the essential oil of M. spicata aerial parts following oral administration of different doses (0.05–0.5 mL) to mice ( Mus musculus L.).Some nematode diseases in spearmint include root knot and root lesions. Nematode species that cause root knots in this plant are various Meloidogyne species. The other nematode species are Pratylenchus which cause root lesions. [28] Viral and phytoplasmal diseases [ edit ] The two forms are also referred to, in older texts, by their optical rotations of laevo ( l) referring to R-(−)-carvone, and dextro ( d) referring to S-(+)-carvone. Modern naming refers to levorotatory isomers with the sign (-) and dextrorotatory isomers with the sign (+) in the systematic name. Used as a fumigant, spearmint essential oil is an effective insecticide against adult moths. [35] Antimicrobial research [ edit ]

6 Ways to Use Spearmint Oil and its Benefits - Young Living

Morcia, Caterina; Tumino, Giorgio; Ghizzoni, Roberta; Terzi, Valeria (2016). "Carvone (Mentha spicata L.) Oils - Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety - Chapter 35". Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety: 309–316. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00035-3. Alternate name(s): Mentha spicata, garden mint, native spearmint, oil of spearmint, spearmint essential oil a b " Mentha spicata subsp. spicata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08 . Retrieved 2019-07-14. Miles, C. and Johnson, A. J. Chewing gum and context-dependent memory effects: a re-examination. Appetite 2007;48(2):154-158. View abstract. To investigate the antifungal properties of essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of M. spicata cultivated in the Algerian Saharan Atlas, the results published by Bardaweel et al. [ 48] showed a lower activity of essential oil of M. spicata against Candida glabrata (MIC = 256 μg/mL) by employing the microdilution method. Nevertheless, in the Turkish study conducted by Bayan et al. [ 64], the volatile oil from M. spicata extracted of aerial parts exhibited a strong fungitoxicity effect with 100% of inhibition of mycelium growth in F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), Verticillium dahliae Kleb ( V. dahliae), Alternaria solani ( A. solani), and Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn. ( R. solani) at a dose of 12 μL petri −1 by using the agar well diffusion method.Bardaweel SK, Bakchiche B, ALSalamat HA, Rezzoug M, Gherib A, Flamini G. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of essential oil of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) from Algerian Saharan atlas. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):201. View abstract. The study conducted by Jabbar and Kathem [ 99] evaluated the preventive effect of ethanolic extract of leaves from M. spicata on irinotecan-induced mucositis in mice. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of M. spicata markedly reduced jejunal tissue IL-1 β (3.47 ± 1.23 vs. 6.5 ± 0.36 ng/mL), and fecal β-glucuronidase activity (79.78 ± 10.7 vs. 120.6 ± 8.3 U) compared to no-treated mice. In addition, histological investigation of the jejunum section of the animal after administration of irinotecan and ethanolic extract of M. spicata showed enhancements in mucositis features. 3.5.6. Antidiabetic Activity There are three double bonds in carvone capable of reduction; the product of reduction depends on the reagents and conditions used. [2] Catalytic hydrogenation of carvone ( 1) can give either carvomenthol ( 2) or carvomenthone ( 3). Zinc and acetic acid reduce carvone to give dihydrocarvone ( 4). MPV reduction using propan-2-ol and aluminium isopropoxide effects reduction of the carbonyl group only to provide carveol ( 5); a combination of sodium borohydride and CeCl 3 ( Luche reduction) is also effective. Hydrazine and potassium hydroxide give limonene ( 6) via a Wolff–Kishner reduction. Hussain, Abdullah I.; Anwar, Farooq; Nigam, Poonam S.; Ashraf, Muhammad; Gilani, Anwarul H. (2010). "Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from four Mentha species". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 90 (11): 1827–1836. Bibcode: 2010JSFA...90.1827H. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.4021. PMID 20602517. S2CID 22702699. Spearmint essential oil has had success as a larvicide against mosquitoes. Using spearmint as a larvicide would be a greener alternative to synthetic insecticides due to their toxicity and negative effect to the environment. [34]

Spearmint - Wikipedia

Spearmint ideally thrives in soils that are deep, well-drained, moist, rich in nutrients and organic matter, and have a crumbly texture. The pH range should be between 6.0 and 7.5. [27] Diseases and pests [ edit ] Fungal diseases [ edit ] a b c " Mentha spicata L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08 . Retrieved 2019-07-14. Zhao, C. Z., Wang, Y., Tang, F. D., Zhao, X. J., Xu, Q. P., Xia, J. F., and Zhu, Y. F. [Effect of Spearmint oil on inflammation, oxidative alteration and Nrf2 expression in lung tissue of COPD rats]. Zhejiang.Da.Xue.Xue.Bao.Yi.Xue.Ban. 2008;37(4):357-363. View abstract.

Abe, S., Maruyama, N., Hayama, K., Inouye, S., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil. Mediators.Inflamm. 2004;13(1):21-24. View abstract.