A Billion Years: My Escape from a Life in the Highest Ranks of Scientology

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a b c d Kasting, James F.; Catling, David (2003). "Evolution of a habitable planet". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 41 (1): 429–463. Bibcode: 2003ARA&A..41..429K. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170049. van Hunen, J.; van den Berg, A.P. (2007). "Plate tectonics on the early Earth: Limitations imposed by strength and buoyancy of subducted lithosphere". Lithos. 103 (1–2): 217–235. Bibcode: 2008Litho.103..217V. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.016. During the Cambrian, the first vertebrate animals, among them the first fishes, had appeared. [126] :357 A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes, or was probably closely related to it, was Pikaia. It had a primitive notochord, a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later. The first fishes with jaws ( Gnathostomata) appeared during the next geological period, the Ordovician. The colonisation of new niches resulted in massive body sizes. In this way, fishes with increasing sizes evolved during the early Paleozoic, such as the titanic placoderm Dunkleosteus, which could grow 7 meters (23ft) long. [158] Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Snowball Earth". Oxford Dictionary of Geology & Earth Sciences (4thed.). Oxford University Press. p.539. ISBN 978-0-19-965306-5.

Sagan, Carl; Mullen, George (July 7, 1972). "Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures". Science. 177 (4043): 52–56. Bibcode: 1972Sci...177...52S. doi: 10.1126/science.177.4043.52. PMID 17756316. S2CID 12566286. Tudge, Colin (1998). Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers: How Agriculture Really Began. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84258-3. Trail, Dustin; Elsila, Jamie; Mller, Ulrich; Lyons, Timothy; Rogers, Karyn (2022-02-04). "Rethinking the Search for the Origins of Life". Eos. American Geophysical Union (AGU). 103. doi: 10.1029/2022eo220065. ISSN 2324-9250. S2CID 246620824. Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future". New York Times . Retrieved 2014-12-25.

The Mesozoic ("middle life") era lasted from 251.9Ma to 66Ma. [106] It is subdivided into the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. The era began with the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the most severe extinction event in the fossil record; 95% of the species on Earth died out. [150] It ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs. [151] The diversity of life forms did not increase greatly because of a series of mass extinctions that define widespread biostratigraphic units called biomeres. [159] After each extinction pulse, the continental shelf regions were repopulated by similar life forms that may have been evolving slowly elsewhere. [160] By the late Cambrian, the trilobites had reached their greatest diversity and dominated nearly all fossil assemblages. [161] :34 Colonization of land Artist's conception of Devonian flora O'Collins, Gerald; Farrugia, Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity. Oxford University Press. p.v (preface). ISBN 978-0-19-925995-3.

Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B. (2002). Biology (6thed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. LCCN 2001030052. OCLC 45806501. Strauss, Bob. "The First Mammals:The Early Mammals of the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods". about.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015.

GEOL 104 The Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction: All Good Things..." www.geol.umd.edu . Retrieved 2022-07-15. A difficulty with the metabolism-first scenario is finding a way for organisms to evolve. Without the ability to replicate as individuals, aggregates of molecules would have "compositional genomes" (counts of molecular species in the aggregate) as the target of natural selection. However, a recent model shows that such a system is unable to evolve in response to natural selection. [95] Membranes first: Lipid world Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Petit, J.M.; Robert, F.; Valsecchi, G.B.; Cyr, K.E. (2000). "Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 35 (6): 1309–1320. Bibcode: 2000M&PS...35.1309M. doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x. Webb’s image covers a patch of sky approximately the size of a grain of sand held at arm’s length by someone on the ground – and reveals thousands of galaxies in a tiny sliver of vast universe Pangea | Definition, Map, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com . Retrieved 2022-07-15.

Finally, Webb’s Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) used Wide-Field Slitless Spectroscopy to capture spectra of all the objects in the entire field of view at once. Among the results, it proves that one of the galaxies has a mirror image. a b De Marais, David J.; D (September 8, 2000). "Evolution: When Did Photosynthesis Emerge on Earth?". Science. 289 (5485): 1703–1705. doi: 10.1126/science.289.5485.1703. PMID 11001737. S2CID 5016442.

The second mass extinction was the Late Devonian extinction, probably caused by the evolution of trees, which could have led to the depletion of greenhouse gases (like CO 2) or the eutrophication of water. 70% of all species became extinct. [179]

A. Lazcano; J.L. Bada (June 2004). "The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 33 (3): 235–242. Bibcode: 2003OLEB...33..235L. doi: 10.1023/A:1024807125069. PMID 14515862. S2CID 19515024. Dreifus, Claudia (2010-05-17). "A Conversation With Jeffrey L. Bada: A Marine Chemist Studies How Life Began". The New York Times. Snowball Earth: New Evidence Hints at Global Glaciation 716.5 Million Years Ago". Science Daily. Mar 4, 2010 . Retrieved April 18, 2012.

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