Masculinities, 2nd Edition

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Masthead". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2017. A lifespan perspective must be considered when discussing gender normalization. But one must also consider cultural hegemony in this stage of the lifespan as a child develops more of an understanding of their culture and begins to display original ideas of cultural norms as well as social norms. [40] According to the constructivist emphasis, the man/woman dichotomy is not the "natural" state, but rather a potent metaphor in Western cultures. [41] Building social relationships and developing individuality are essential benchmarks for this age of middle childhood, which ranges from eight years old to puberty. A young boy is trying to navigate falling within the social structure that has been laid out for him, which includes interacting with both sexes, and a dominant notion of maleness. The gender environmentalism, which emphasizes the role of societal practices in generating and maintaining gender differentiation, still plays a part in this stage of life, but is possibly more influenced by immediate and close interactions with boys close to their age. [40] The boys organize themselves in a hierarchical structure in which the high-status boys decide what is acceptable and valued – that which is hegemonically masculine – and what is not. A boy's rank in the hierarchy is chiefly determined by his athletic ability. [42]

The Salience of “Hegemonic Masculinity” - James W The Salience of “Hegemonic Masculinity” - James W

Ging, Debbie (2019). "Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere". Men and Masculinities. 22 (4): 638–657. doi: 10.1177/1097184x17706401. ISSN 1097-184X. S2CID 149239953.

Martin, Patricia Yancey (August 1998). "Why can't a man be more like a woman? Reflections on Connell's Masculinities". Gender & Society. 12 (4): 472–474. doi: 10.1177/089124398012004008. S2CID 143573700. Research shows that violence plays an integral and complex role in male identity, and that it is an accepted and normal part of many boys’ lives and experiences. Young men tend to refer to violence primarily in relation to men’s violence towards other men. Violence has been seen as a way to assert one’s masculinity in front of other men, or a way of dealing with things that might challenge aspects of masculinity and cause a feeling of shame. 71

Connell Masculinities | Carlos Carreño - Academia.edu (PDF) Connell Masculinities | Carlos Carreño - Academia.edu

Marginalised masculinities are those that are categorised as different, on the basis of class, ethnicity or status. They may display and enjoy masculine power in certain contexts but are always ultimately compared to the hegemonic norms and images 66. a b Collier, Richard (1998). Masculinities, crime, and criminology: men, heterosexuality, and the criminal(ised) other. London Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780803979970.It has also been argued that the concept of hegemonic masculinity does not adequately describe a realness of power. Øystein Gullvåg Holter [26] argues that the concept constructs power from the direct experience of women rather than from the structural basis of women's subordination. Holter believes in distinguishing between patriarchy and gender and argues further that it is a mistake to treat a hierarchy of masculinities constructed within gender relations as logically continuous with the patriarchal subordination of women. In response to the adverse connotations surrounding the concept, Richard Collier [27] remarks that hegemonic masculinity is solely associated with negative characteristics that depict men as unemotional (see affect display), aggressive, independent, and non-nurturing without recognizing positive behaviours such as bringing home a wage or being a father. Ricciardelli, Rosemary; Clow, Kimberley A.; White, Philip (July 2010). "Investigating hegemonic masculinity: Portrayals of masculinity in men's lifestyle magazines". Sex Roles. 63 (1–2): 64–78. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9764-8. S2CID 143521323. Pdf. Hooper, Charlotte (2001). Manly states: masculinities, international relations, and gender politics. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231120753.