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It was well known that Elizabeth never planned to abdicate, though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties. On September 8, 2022, Queen Elizabeth died at Balmoral Castle. Prince Charles succeeded her as the monarch. Elizabeth I (7 September 1533–24 March 1603) [a] was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor and is sometimes referred to as the " Virgin Queen". [1] Further information: Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I Elizabeth I, painted around 1610, during the first revival of interest in her reign. Time sleeps on her right and Death looks over her left shoulder; two putti hold the crown above her head. [210] A central issue, when it comes to the question of Elizabeth's virginity, was whether the queen ever consummated her love affair with Robert Dudley. In 1559, she had Dudley's bedchambers moved next to her own apartments. In 1561, she was mysteriously bedridden with an illness that caused her body to swell. [97] [98]

The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle". [227] Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait'), Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, National Portrait Gallery, London Elizabeth nearly married her sister's husband - FACT In his preface to the 1952 reprint of Queen Elizabeth I, J. E. Neale observed: "The book was written before such words as "ideological", "fifth column", and "cold war" became current; and it is perhaps as well that they are not there. But the ideas are present, as is the idea of romantic leadership of a nation in peril, because they were present in Elizabethan times". The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential. [217] Her memory was also revived during the Napoleonic Wars, when the nation again found itself on the brink of invasion. [218] In the Victorian era, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology of the day, [211] [w] and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic symbol of the national resistance to foreign threat. [219] [x] Historians of that period, such as J. E. Neale (1934) and A. L. Rowse (1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. [220] Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress. [221] In February 2022, Elizabeth II tested positive for COVID-19 after having cold-like symptoms. [20] Faith and duty [ change | change source ]

In May 2007, the Queen and Prince Philip made a state visit to the United States, in honour of the 400th anniversary of the Jamestown settlement. Elizabeth II, as the Monarch of the United Kingdom, was the "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England and sworn protector of the Church of Scotland. She was very interested in the Church of England, but the Archbishop of Canterbury runs the church. She rarely attended the yearly meeting of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Recent historians, however, have taken a more complicated view of Elizabeth. [143] Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spanish, such as those on Cádiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians point to military failures on land and at sea. [149] In Ireland, Elizabeth's forces ultimately prevailed, but their tactics stain her record. [222] Rather than as a brave defender of the Protestant nations against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as cautious in her foreign policies. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad. [223] Adams, Simon (2002), Leicester and the Court: Essays in Elizabethan Politics, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-5325-2 . De Maisse: a journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur De Maisse, ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth, anno domini 1597, Nonesuch Press, 1931, pp. 25–26.

The Queen often met with leaders from other religions as well. In 1980, she became the first British Monarch to visit the Vatican, where she was welcomed by Pope John Paul II. She made another visit 20 years later on 17 October 2000. [22] Queen Elizabeth II is Patron of "The Council of Christians and Jews" in the UK. [23] Elizabeth became queen at the age of 25, and declared her intentions to her council and other peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance. The speech contains the first record of her adoption of the medieval political theology of the sovereign's "two bodies": the body natural and the body politic: [45]Forsey, Zoe (2020-07-24). "Queen's 'biggest regret' from her reign - and she still thinks about tragic day". mirror . Retrieved 2023-09-20.

In October 1957, she made an official visit to the United States. She spoke to the United Nations General Assembly. She toured Canada. She became the first monarch to open the nation's Parliament. The Queen liked going to Canada. She called Canada her "home away from home". [8] [9] The Queen showed a very strong sense of duty, ever since she was a girl. Her father, King George VI, was not meant to be king. Her uncle became king when her grandfather died. But he fell in love with an American woman who was divorced, and that wasn't allowed. So he had to give up being king very shortly after ascending. George VI didn't want to be king, because he was quite nervous and had a stammer. However, Elizabeth's grandfather said that he didn't think her uncle was very good as a king, and wanted George to reign, then Elizabeth. From the moment she realised that one day she would be Queen, she became very interested in her duties and did all she could to help her father. Her promise to serve her people all her life had always been very important to her. Some people thought that, when she was old, perhaps she would retire ("abdicate") and let her son Prince Charles take over. People who knew her well, including Prince Charles, said that this would never happen. [24] James VI of Scotland was a great-great-grandson of Henry VII of England, and thus Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed, since Henry VII was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather. Thomas Seymour nevertheless continued scheming to control the royal family and tried to have himself appointed the governor of the King's person. [26] [27] When Parr died after childbirth on 5 September 1548, he renewed his attentions towards Elizabeth, intent on marrying her. [28] Her governess Kat Ashley, who was fond of Seymour, sought to convince Elizabeth to take him as her husband. She tried to convince Elizabeth to write to Seymour and "comfort him in his sorrow", [29] but Elizabeth claimed that Thomas was not so saddened by her stepmother's death as to need comfort. Association, Press (2017-11-20). "Queen and Prince Philip portraits released to mark 70th anniversary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-12-06.

Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. [b] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. Launch of fireships against the Spanish Armada, 7 August 1588 Elizabeth wrote Shakespeare’s plays - MYTH Lacey, Robert; Comp, Robert Lacey (1977). Majesty: Elizabeth II and the House of Windsor. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-15-155684-7.