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a b Cox, Richard William; Russell, Dave; Vamplew, Wray (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. Routledge. p.243. ISBN 978-0-7146-5249-8. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 July 2018. FIFA.com (8 March 2013). "A gripping Greek derby". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2017.

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In each of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, one football code is known solely as "football", while the others generally require a qualifier. In New Zealand, "football" historically referred to rugby union, but more recently may be used unqualified to refer to association football. The sport meant by the word "football" in Australia is either Australian rules football or rugby league, depending on local popularity (which largely conforms to the Barassi Line). In francophone Quebec, where Canadian football is more popular, the Canadian code is known as le football while American football is known as le football américain and association football is known as le soccer. [129] Some historians support the theory that the primary influence was rugby football and other games emanating from English public schools. On the other hand, there are also historians who support the theory that Australian rules football and Gaelic Football have some common origins. See Origins of Australian rules football. The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174–1183. He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday: Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906, with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players. In 1907, a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain, receiving an enthusiastic response, and professional rugby leagues were launched in Australia the following year. However, the rules of professional games varied from one country to another, and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match. This situation endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French league, the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux.In 1995, rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players. [128] Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared – and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification – the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters, Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters". 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021 . Retrieved 23 September 2020. FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before". FIFA. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2009. John M. Cunningham graduated from Kalamazoo College in 2000 with a B.A. in English. He worked at Britannica from 2004 to 2018. A football", in the sense of a ball rather than a game, was first mentioned in 1486. [42] This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners' Book of St Albans. It states: "a certain rounde instrument to play with ...it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila pedalis', a fotebal". [38]

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New Zealand's governing body renamed itself in 2007, saying "the international game is called football". [131]Football in Public Schools". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021 . Retrieved 7 November 2019. Incredibly researched history of American professional football. All the stats to satisfy the most ardent fan. But wait, there's more! Stories of players, leagues and games of long ago that are well written and interesting, too. Samoa rules – localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of rugby football fields Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. (2001). "Science and Gaelic football: A review". Journal of Sports Sciences. 19 (3): 181–193. doi: 10.1080/026404101750095330. PMID 11256823. S2CID 43471221.

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Football started in the late 1800s in the United States as a college sport. Princeton and Rutgers played the first college football game in 1869. This game was similar to soccer. In 1871 students at Harvard University invented their own game. It combined soccer and the English game called rugby. In 1876 representatives from Harvard, Princeton, Yale, and Columbia universities wrote a set of football rules based on rugby. Public schools' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850, which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children. Before 1850, many British children had to work six days a week, for more than twelve hours a day. From 1850, they could not work before 6a.m. (7a.m. in winter) or after 6p.m. on weekdays (7p.m. in winter); on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2pm. These changes meant that working class children had more time for games, including various forms of football.

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Rugby union is the most popular sport in New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji. [149] It is also the fastest growing sport in the U.S., [150] [151] [152] [153] with college rugby being the fastest growing [ clarification needed] [154] [155] college sport in that country. [156] [ dubious – discuss] Football codes board Medieval football Rugby chronology". Museum of Rugby. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2006. Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal and Harvard University in 1874. During the game, the two teams alternated between the rugby-based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard. [116] [117] [118] Within a few years, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rules and persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same. On 23 November 1876, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield, Massachusetts, agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules, with some variations. [119] Keepie uppie (keep up) – the art of juggling with a football using the feet, knees, chest, shoulders, and head.