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Though the Council edict was not viewed as a success, they did decide that there would be conference between Catholic bishops and reformed ministers (who would be granted safe conduct) to meet at Poissy. Originally scheduled for August 18 the Colloquy at Poissy would be postponed until October due to a meeting of the Estates General on the state of French finances. [17]
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When the lettres de cachet announcing the Edict of Orléans (with its toleration of Protestants) arrived in Toulouse, the Parlement registered it tardily and interpreted it harshly only releasing prisoners suspected of heresy if they abjured their faith first. [4] The 1561 Edict of Foutainebleau was received by the Parlement with even greater disdain. [4] In contrast the capitouls arrested three Catholic preachers (including a Jesuit priest and a monk) for traitorous remarks regarding Catherine de Médicis for her feebleness towards members of the Reformed Church. [4] Rioting occurred in Dammarie-lès-Lys after 16-year-old Abdelkadher Bouziane was shot and killed by police and his 19-year-old friend wounded. [6] Even as the burial riot went on in Toulouse, outside events continued to encourage hostility between Catholics and members of the Reformed Church. These events would set the stage for larger, deadlier riots in the city. Find sources: "2005 French riots"– news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( October 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)On 8 November, President Jacques Chirac declared a state of emergency, [13] [14] effective at midnight. Despite the new regulations, riots continued, though on a reduced scale, the following two nights, and again worsened the third night. On 9 November and the morning of 10 November a school was burned in Belfort, and there was violence in Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg, Marseille, and Lyon. In addition to having to face the extension of toleration to Protestants by the Edict of Orléans, the Catholic Church's position also seemed shaken by the abolishment of the arrangement made between the papacy and the French crown, the Concordat of Bologna (though this outcome was motivated by the Third Estate's fiscal concerns). [15] Without the Concordat's rules in effect, Bishops were to be elected by a mixture of laymen and ecclesiastics who would submit three names for the King to choose from. Another reform was the requirement that any holder of a benefice must reside there. a b c "May Day violence breaks out in Paris; demonstrations around the world". Fox News. Associated Press. May 1, 2017. Robert McCune Kingdon (2007). Geneva and the Coming of the Wars of Religion in France, 1555–1563. Genéve: Libraire Droz SA. Coup attempt in Paris led by Louis Auguste Blanqui, Armand Barbès, Martin Bernard, and the Société des Saisons.
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a b "Compte Rendu Detaille Des DEcisions Du Conseil Municipal" (PDF). Grandbesancon.fr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 February 2014. When Catherine became regent, the Queen of Navarre was Jeanne d'Albret. Queen Jeanne had long expressed a desire for religious reform and in her lands Protestants were given full freedom and their books circulated unhindered.
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a b c d e f g h i j Henry Martyn Baird (1880). History of the rise of the Huguenots, Volume 2. London: Hodder & Stoughton. a b c d e f g h i j k l Davies, Joan (March 1979). "Persecution and Protestantism: Toulouse, 1562-1575". The Historical Journal. 22 (1): 31–51. doi: 10.1017/S0018246X00016666. S2CID 154680253. Distinct from fasting (refusing all food), Catholic doctrine calls for the abstinence from "flesh meat" or soup made from meat during some days of the year (in some eras this was also extended to eggs, milk, butter, cheese, or condiments that included animal fat). [8] Catholics hold that this helps to subdue the flesh, and is imitative of Paul the Apostle who according to 1 Corinthians 9:27 "chastised his body and brought it into subjection". [8] Catholics also maintain that "by abstaining from flesh, we give up what is, on the whole, the most pleasant as well as the most nourishing food, and so make satisfaction for the temporal punishment due to sin even when its guilt has been forgiven." [8] Different from fasting (refusing all food), abstinence was practiced at this time on Fridays, Saturdays, and during Lent on Sundays (total fasting on Sundays was always forbidden). Abstaining from meat during Lent was also seen as symbolically significant for in this way "no animal has to suffer death, no blood flows." [8] With continuing reports of unrest in Southern France, Catherine de Médicis sent a governor to Toulouse to oversee the defense of the city. The Parlement registered his commission on September 24, 1561, but he was openly opposed by the capitouls who did not let him enter the city. [4] He was only able to enter when the election of new capitouls was held. [4] French demonstration of 15 May 1848, an event played out in the streets of Paris that was intended to reverse the results of a Second Republic election of deputies to the Constituent Assembly.
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Having set forth their grievances, the Estates deputies left, and the focus fell on the upcoming Colloquy of Poissy.
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The Spanish ambassador told Catherine de Medici in the name of his King that she must banish the Protestants Jeanne d'Albret, Coligny, and D'Andelot from the royal court, and must command Antoine's wife to raise their son within Catholicism. Catherine expelled him from France and took other action against a couple of the Triumvirate's aristocrat supporters. Her reaction angered Antoine who moved closer to the Triumvirate. [13] Following the riots the populace of Toulouse became well trained in the methods of organized confessional militancy. In 1563 the Catholic populace was called by the Parlement to enroll in leagues dedicated to preserving the religious purity of France. These people were led by Catholic warriors from the nobility, ranking members of the Catholic hierarchy, and city officials. Members were to mark their homes and clothing with white crosses. All who joined "of whatever dignity" had to take an oath to preserve the state religion. [2] Anyone league members encountered who refused to take the oath was to "be considered rebels". [2] This practice was reinvigorated in 1568 reformed with the title "crusade" rather than league. [2] Toulouse's "crusade" received a papal bull of approval in March 1568. [2] This group was later folded into the Catholic League that formed in 1576 with the express intention of preventing the Protestant Henry of Navarre from becoming King. The airports include Beauvais, the main French hub for Ryanair and other budget airlines, as well as Brest, in the far west of the country, and Carcassonne, in the south. One in five flights cancelled as France hit by aviation, taxi strikes". France 24. 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Riots Won’t Harm Economy, Laurence Boone Says - Bloomberg France Riots Won’t Harm Economy, Laurence Boone Says - Bloomberg
At the meeting of General Estates on August 26 the third estate continued to deride the cost the upkeep of the Catholic clergy was having on the merchants and bourgeoisie. Their representative Jacques de Bretagne, magistrate of Autun demanded ecclesiastical property face alienation. They held that of the 120 million livres the clergy were taking out of the economy if 48 million were set aside the clergy could live off the 4 million in interest per year that such a move would still provide, leaving 72 million for France to use to clear up its debts and stimulate the economy. [17] The representative of the nobility took similar grounds and even demanded for the Protestants the right to assembly (totally dismissing the Edict of July out of hand). [17] The Catholic clergy went absent from these debates, marking their opposition by meeting by themselves at St. Germain. [17] L'Hospital met them there still seeking liberty for the Protestants, telling the Catholic clergy "As to the Protestant assemblies, they cannot be separated from their religion; for they believe that the Word of God strictly enjoins them to assemble themselves to hear the preaching of the Gospel and to partake of the sacraments, and this they hold as an article of their faith." [17] According to city records, the Parlement of Toulouse made the city 22,236 livres tournois from sales of property confiscated from those it found guilty of heresy or contumacy from 1562 to 1563. [22] Aftermath [ edit ]In 1568 between four and five hundred were slain in the night and their bodies thrown into the Garonne river. [2] [22] In addition to the night pogrom, sixteen members high officers (including many from Parlement) were placed under arrest for suspicion of heresy, while sixteen more fled to Montauban and Castres. [2] Protestants made use of buildings with overhangs as platforms for musketeers and stone-throwers, they also used their own homes to connect their forces between streets. [4] Catholics often negated these tactical advantages by burning these homes to the ground. The Catholics responded to the tactic of Reformed Church members using homes to connect Protestant troops in different streets or as firing platforms by setting those homes on fire. [4]
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