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Nearly all prime ministers have served concurrently as First Lord of the Treasury [178] and all prime ministers have continuously served as First Lord of the Treasury since 1905, [179] Minister for the Civil Service since 1968, [180] and Minister for the Union since 2019. [181] While appointed by the monarch, in modern times the prime minister is, by convention, an MP, the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons, and holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons. [182] [183] [184] The current Prime Minister, as of October 2022, is Rishi Sunak MP, leader of the Conservative Party. Travel Insurance in Europe will cover any medical emergencies such as illnesses or accidents, that occur throughout your trip. How Do I Get Travel Insurance for Europe from the USA? Fidler, Stephen (19 January 2020). "What's Behind the EU's Decline". Wall Street Journal– via www.wsj.com. Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round. [137] The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below 0 °C (32 °F) or rising above 30°C (86°F). [144] Some parts, away from the coast, of upland England, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland, experience a subpolar oceanic climate ( Cfc). Higher elevations in Scotland experience a continental subarctic climate ( Dfc) and the mountains experience a tundra climate ( ET). [145] The United Kingdom lies between latitudes 49° and 61° N, and longitudes 9° W and 2° E. Northern Ireland shares a 224-mile (360km) land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. [137] The coastline of Great Britain is 11,073 miles (17,820km) long. [140] It is connected to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel, which at 31 miles (50km) (24 miles (38km) underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world. [141]
Lake Lagoda northeast of St Petersburg in Russia is the largest lake entirely in Europe with a surface area of 17,700 km². Lake Onega located northeast of Lake Lagoda in European Russia has a surface area of 9,700 km². Other major lakes are Lake Vänern in Sweden (largest lake in Western Europe) and Lake Saimaa in Finland. Harris, Geoffrey, The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today, Edinburgh University Press, 1994, p. 31In 1066, the Normans invaded England from northern France. After conquering England, they seized large parts of Wales, conquered much of Ireland and were invited to settle in Scotland, bringing to each country feudalism on the Northern French model and Norman-French culture. [59] The Anglo-Norman ruling class greatly influenced, but eventually assimilated with, the local cultures. [60] Subsequent medieval English kings completed the conquest of Wales and tried unsuccessfully to annex Scotland. Asserting its independence in the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath, Scotland maintained its independence thereafter, albeit in near-constant conflict with England. Internationale Paneuropa Union – Union Paneuropeénne Internationale – International Paneuropean Union". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013.
Colette Beaune: Chrétienté et Europe: le projet de Georges de Podiebrad au xve siècle, in: Chrétiens et sociétés, vol. 1 | 1994, After the First World War, Winston Churchill had seen continental Europe as a source of threats and sought to avoid the United Kingdom's involvement in European conflicts. On 15 February 1930, Churchill commented in the American journal The Saturday Evening Post that a "European Union" was possible between continental states, but without the United Kingdom's involvement: Excluding the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and City of Sevastopol, Ukraine's administrative areas on the Crimean Peninsula which are disputed with and de facto administered by Russia. However includes the entire population of territory in the Donbas region where there are ongoing insurgencies by separatist forces, and does not include any changes due to the Russian invasion in 2022. The European Federalist Party was a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party from 2011 to 2016 which advocated further integration of the European Union.Bruno Waterfield in Brussels (18 February 2009). "Blueprint for EU army to be agreed". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 . Retrieved 30 December 2014. In the decades-long process of European integration, the UK was a founding member of the Western European Union, established with the London and Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the European Communities (EC). In a 1975 referendum 67% voted to stay in it. [113] When the EC became the European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding member states. The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the 1706 Treaty of Union provided for the continuation of Scotland's separate legal system. [226] Today the UK has three distinct systems of law: English law, Northern Ireland law and Scots law. A new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into being in October 2009 to replace the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. [227] The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, including the same members as the Supreme Court, is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. [228] Politicising the Genoa tragedy is just the latest Europhobic ruse Natalie Nougayrède, The Guardian, 17 Aug 2018 As the successor movement of the European Federalist Party, Stand Up For Europe [35] is a pan-European NGO that advocates the foundation of a European Federation. Contrary to movements like the UEF or the former EFP, Stand Up for Europe does not command any national levels anymore, but only consists of regional city teams and the European level.
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