How to Be a Liberal: The Story of Freedom and the Fight for its Survival

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Besides the regular review of governing entities, short-term focus in a democracy could also be the result of collective short-term thinking. For example, consider a campaign for policies aimed at reducing environmental damage while causing temporary increase in unemployment. However, this risk applies also to other political systems. Since it is possible to disagree over which rights are considered fundamental, different countries may treat particular rights in different ways. For example:

Heater, Derek (2006). "Emergence of Radicalism". Citizenship in Britain: A History. Edinburgh University Press. pp.30–42. ISBN 978-0748626724. He, Jiacheng (8 January 2022). "The Patterns of Democracy in Context of Historical Political Science". Chinese Political Science Review. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 7 (1): 111–139. doi: 10.1007/s41111-021-00201-5. ISSN 2365-4244. S2CID 256470545.The liberal philosophical tradition has searched for validation and justification through several intellectual projects. The moral and political suppositions of liberalism have been based on traditions such as natural rights and utilitarian theory, although sometimes liberals even request support from scientific and religious circles. [48] Through all these strands and traditions, scholars have identified the following major common facets of liberal thought:

Liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their etymology to liber, a root from Latin that means " free". [26] One of the first recorded instances of liberal occurred in 1375 when it was used to describe the liberal arts in the context of an education desirable for a free-born man. [26] The word's early connection with the classical education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. Liberal could refer to "free in bestowing" as early as 1387, "made without stint" in 1433, "freely permitted" in 1530, and "free from restraint"—often as a pejorative remark—in the 16th and the 17th centuries. [26] The Eduskunta, the parliament of the Grand Duchy of Finland (then part of Russia), had universal suffrage in 1906. Several nations and territories can present arguments for being the first with universal suffrage. Levitt, Steven; Dubner, Stephen J. (2006). Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. HarperCollins. p.14. ISBN 978-0061245138. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020 . Retrieved 6 June 2020. and " Supply creates its own demand", or "Supply constitutes its own demand" and "Inherent in supply is the need for its own consumption". The related phrase "supply creates its own demand" was coined by John Maynard Keynes, who criticized Say's separate formulations as amounting to the same thing. Some advocates of Say's law who disagree with Keynes have claimed that Say's law can be summarized more accurately as "production precedes consumption" and that what Say is stating is that for consumption to happen, one must produce something of value so that it can be traded for money or barter for consumption later. [99] [100] Luoma, Jukka. "Helsingin Sanomat – International Edition". Archived from the original on 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 November 2007.Say argues, "products are paid for with products" (1803, p.153) or "a glut occurs only when too much resource is applied to making one pr a b Franco, Álvaro, Carlos Álvarez-Dardet and Maria Teresa Ruiz (2004). "Effect of democracy on health: ecological study (required)". British Medical Journal. 329 (7480): 1421–23. doi: 10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1421. PMC 535957. PMID 15604165. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) a b Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. pp.60–64. doi: 10.56159/eai.52060. ISBN 978-981-18-5206-0. OCLC 1354535847.

Freedom in the World 2021" (PDF). Freedom House. 3 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2021 . Retrieved 3 March 2021. Cooke, Nicole (2018). Fake News and Alternative Facts: Information Literacy in a Post-Truth Era. Chicago: ALA Editions. Single, Joseph T.; Weinstein, Michael M.; Halperin, Morton H. (28 September 2004). "Why Democracies Excel". New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 March 2017. Smith wrote that as long as supply, demand, prices and competition were left free of government regulation, the pursuit of material self-interest, rather than altruism, maximises society's wealth [97] through profit-driven production of goods and services. An " invisible hand" directed individuals and firms to work toward the nation's good as an unintended consequence of efforts to maximise their gain. This provided a moral justification for accumulating wealth, which some had previously viewed as sinful. [96] :64Morlino L. (2004) "What is a 'good' democracy?", Demoocratization, 11(5), pp. 10-32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340412331304589 Populism is a form of majoritarianism, threatening some of the core principles of liberal democracy such as the rights of the individual. Examples of these can vary from freedom of movement via control on immigration, or opposition to liberal social values such as gay marriage. [107] Populists do this by appealing to the feelings and emotions of the people whilst offering solutions - often vastly simplified - to complex problems. A third common argument is that despite the risks majority rule is preferable to other systems and the tyranny of the majority is in any case an improvement on a tyranny of a minority. All the possible problems mentioned above can also occur in non-democracies with the added problem that a minority can oppress the majority. Proponents of democracy argue that empirical statistical evidence strongly shows that more democracy leads to less internal violence and mass murder by the government. This is sometimes formulated as Rummel's Law, which states that the less democratic freedom a people have, the more likely their rulers are to murder them. Say is also credited with Say's law, or the law of markets which may be summarised as " Aggregate supply creates its own aggregate demand", Dan, Reiter; Stam, Allan C. (2002). Democracies at War. Princeton University Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0691089485.