The orchidometer can be used to accurately determine size of testes. Discrepancy of testicular size with other parameters of maturation can be an important clue to various diseases. Small testes can indicate either primary or secondary hypogonadism. Testicular size can help distinguish between different types of precocious puberty. Since testicular growth is typically the first physical sign of true puberty, one of the most common uses is as confirmation that puberty is beginning in a boy with delayed puberty. Large testes ( macroorchidism) can be a clue to one of the most common causes of inherited generalised learning disability, fragile X syndrome.

LAMBERT B. (1951). The frequency of mumps and of mumps orchitis and the consequences for sexuality and fertility. Acta Genet Stat Med , 2, 1-166. PMID: 15444009

Abstract

Consists of a chain of 12 numbered beads of increasing size from 1 to 25 ml, the beads are compared with the testicles of the patient and the volume is read off the bead which matches most closely in size https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261063774_The_relationship_between_testosterone_concentration_sperm_count_and_motility_in_fertile_Nigerian_males

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced from the hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gonadotrophs to produce gonadotropins (FSH and LH). Links: Endocrinology - Precocious sexual development | NICHD - Precocious Puberty | Nemours Foundation - Precocious Puberty | MedlinePlus - Obesity May Trigger Earlier Puberty for Girls | Time Magazine - Teens Before Their Time | Delayed Puberty Since testicular growth is typically the first physical sign of true puberty, one of the most common uses is as a confirmation that puberty is beginning in a boy with delay

References

The links below are to general public external text resources (this listing is for information purposes only and is not intended as an endorsement of a commercial product). Opposing the fingertips just behind the testis should result in gentle stretching of the scrotal skin over the anterior surface of the testis, permitting more accurate measurement. Also, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) binds to its corresponding G-protein coupled FSH receptor (FSH-R) on the Sertoli cell of the testis. This action promotes the formation of spermatozoa (spermatogenesis), androgen-binding proteins (ABPs), and inhibin B (solid lines).

Marshall WA & Tanner JM. (1970). Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch. Dis. Child. , 45, 13-23. PMID: 5440182Users can also use shortcuts such as “M” (menus), “H” (headings), “F” (forms), “B” (buttons), and “G” (graphics) to jump to specific elements. Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study [2] "Early puberty timing is associated with higher risks for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease in women and therefore represents a potential target for early preventive interventions. We characterised the range of diseases and other adverse health outcomes associated with early or late puberty timing in men and women in the very large UK Biobank study. Recalled puberty timing and past/current diseases were self-reported by questionnaire. We limited analyses to individuals of White ethnicity (250,037 women; 197,714 men) and to disease outcomes with at least 500 cases (~0·2% prevalence) and we applied stringent correction for multiple testing (corrected threshold P < 7.48 × 10–5). In models adjusted for socioeconomic position and adiposity/body composition variables, both in women and men separately, earlier puberty timing was associated with higher risks for angina, hypertension and T2D. Furthermore, compared to the median/average group, earlier or later puberty timing in women or men was associated with higher risks for 48 adverse outcomes, across a range of cancers, cardio-metabolic, gynaecological/obstetric, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neuro-cognitive categories. Notably, both early and late menarche were associated with higher risks for early natural menopause in women. Puberty timing in both men and women appears to have a profound impact on later health." Orchidometers may be less accurate, but it is less expensive and easier to use. Ultimately, the best method for measuring testicular volume will depend on the individual clinical situation and preference of the clinician. Pathophysiology of low testicular volume in hypogonadism

Logical deduction would mean that we have small penises, we would probably have smaller than average testicles too small amount of long, downy hair with slight pigmentation at the base of the penis and scrotum (males) or on the labia majora (females) Luteinizing hormone (LH) binds to its cognate G-protein coupled LH receptor (LH-R) on the Leydig cell and subsequently stimulates the production of testosterone [1]. Lee HK, Choi SH, Fan D, Jang KM, Kim MS & Hwang CJ. (2018). Evaluation of characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty. Angle Orthod , 88, 582-589. PMID: 29708396 DOI.Marshall WA & Tanner JM. (1969). Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch. Dis. Child. , 44, 291-303. PMID: 5785179 Blakemore SJ, Burnett S & Dahl RE. (2010). The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain. Hum Brain Mapp , 31, 926-33. PMID: 20496383 DOI.