Against this, Berlin urged humanity to seek a decent society with pluralistic values, thus eschewing utopian perfectionism. This he thought to be characterised by a fallibilistic conception of knowledge, peaceful trade-offs, and the rejection of nihilism and relativism in favour of common values across genuinely diverse ways of life. Such a society would, he held, resolve to maintain a pluralistic balance of values against any and all attempts to sacrifice entire groups of people in the name of a future that can never be fully predicted. Shklar’s negative liberalism has been criticised by Michael Walzer as setting reasonable anti-totalitarian boundaries for democratic action, while not recognising the importance of moving beyond them in the interest of social progress: omezení svobody projevu, včetně autocenzury (lidé se obávají vyslovit názor), kontrola tisku a přidělování papíru,

Tváří v tvář totalitě je těžké nenechat se zasáhnout, a i když v režimu tohoto typu také často dochází k autoritářským situacím, většinou vše nepodporuje vůdce, jako v případě autokracií, ale strana. To je důvod, proč totalitní diktatury po smrti nejvyššího vůdce většinou nekončí, zatímco tradiční diktatury ano. Horkheimer, Max; Adorno, Theodor W.; Noeri, Gunzelin (2002). Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804736336. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10 . Retrieved 2021-08-17.

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omezení spolčování (v Československu od r. 1947 zákonem č. 145/1947 Sb. – zakázán byl např. spolek vegetariánů Mazdaznan): povolené organizace byly řízeny KSČ a prosáknuty StB, Whether or not pragmatist anti-totalitarianism succeeds in its defence of democracy and individual rights is thus deeply linked to the coherence and adequacy of pragmatist defenses of a fallibilistic and at times flexible conception of truth in ethics and politics. If there is no need for traditional ethical foundationalism in upholding the value of democracy against tyranny, then the pragmatist case against totalitarianism may be seen to be a serious methodological option. b. The British Liberal Defence of the Open Society and Pluralism Learn how Adolf Hitler secured dictatorial power in Germany. (more) See all videos for this article The Islamic State is a Salafi-Jihadist terrorist group founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999, which espouses a totalitarian ideology that is a fundamentalist hybrid of Global Jihadism, Wahhabism and Qutbism. In 2014, the group declared itself as a caliphate [a] that sought domination over the Muslim World and established what has been described as a " political-religious totalitarian regime". The quasi-state held significant territory in Iraq and Syria during the course of the War in Iraq and the Syrian civil war from 2013 to 2019 under the dictatorship of its first Caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who imposed an extreme form of Sharia law. [92] [93] [94] [95] The city of Geneva under John Calvin's leadership has been characterized as totalitarian by scholars. [96] [97] [98] "Revisionist school" of the Soviet Union [ edit ]

Macpherson, C. B. “Review of The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy.” Past and Present, Number 2, November 1952, pp. 55-57. Historian John Connelly wrote that totalitarianism is a useful word but that the old 1950s theory about it is defunct among scholars. Connelly wrote: "The word is as functional now as it was 50 years ago. It means the kind of regime that existed in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, the Soviet satellites, Communist China, and maybe Fascist Italy, where the word originated. ... Who are we to tell Václav Havel or Adam Michnik that they were fooling themselves when they perceived their rulers as totalitarian? Or for that matter any of the millions of former subjects of Soviet-type rule who use the local equivalents of the Czech totalita to describe the systems they lived under before 1989? It is a useful word and everyone knows what it means as a general referent. Problems arise when people confuse the useful descriptive term with the old 'theory' from the 1950s." [37] Politics [ edit ] Early usage [ edit ] Benito Mussolini, Duce of Fascist Italy from 1922 to 1943In keeping with his philosophy of natural science, Popper urges us to shun certainty and dogmatism in social science and history, in favour of a piecemeal approach characterised by attention to particulars and the trial and error methods of fallibilism. Such an approach is not only conducive to precise and clear social explanations; Popper defends it as a philosophical shield against tyranny as well. For it is precisely the immodesty of overgeneralising to alleged rigid laws in history that has led even great philosophers and other thinkers to commit the error of historicism, which is a key component of totalitarian and fanatical patterns of thought. Throughout his career, Isaiah Berlin devoted a considerable amount of attention to the question of totalitarianism. He saw it as one of the most important features of twentieth century history, and as the logical outcome of an excessive devotion to what he took to be a dangerously paternalistic conception of liberty.

Filosofové jako Jacques Maritain (1882-1973), Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) nebo Hanna Arendt (1906-1975) mu věnovali část let svého studia a sledovali ho v obou režimech. kapitalisté jako socialisté.Putin hrozí západu, ale Čečence si srovnat nedokáže. Kadyrov si dělá, co chce. Reflex.cz [online]. [cit. 2022-03-16]. Dostupné online. Stát je v tomto typu vlády všemocnou entitou. Řídí všechny aspekty občanského života a nemá žádné vnitřní kontroly ohledně toho, co může dělat. Here Popper broadens his critique of totalitarianism by indicting major figures of the Western philosophical tradition, notably Plato, Hegel and Marx. All three, he held, were guilty of collectivist and utopian social projects. In diverse ways, Plato’s notion of guardianship and the philosopher kings, Hegel’s glorification of the militaristic nation state, and Marx’s belief in the inevitability of class warfare and violent revolution all share a misguided common denominator: the historicist belief in holistic explanations derived from alleged laws of historical inevitability. In place of this, Popper recommended a non-dogmatic “critical rationalism,” within an open society that respects debate and a quest for truth and knowledge. This method ought to at all costs be substituted for historicist and utopian grand schemes of social science and philosophy of history that are characterised by a kind of oracular faith in their own future prophesies, dogmatism, and immunity to falsification.