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McIntyre, W. David (2016). Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-251361-8. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 . Retrieved 12 February 2018. Gapes, Mike (2008). HC Paper 147-II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee: Overseas Territories, Volume II (PDF). The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-215-52150-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2017. Darwin, John (2012). Unfinished Empire, The Global Expansion of Britain. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-846-14089-1. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021 . Retrieved 26 November 2020. Maps of the Indian Subcontinent in 1765 (left) and 1858 (right) showing British expansion in the region.The British would continue their conquest in India throughout this period. The East India then fought a series of Anglo-Mysore wars in Southern India with the Sultanate of Mysore under Hyder Ali and then Tipu Sultan. Defeats in the First Anglo-Mysore war and stalemate in the Second were followed by victories in the Third and the Fourth. [99] [99] Following Tipu Sultan's death in the fourth war in the Siege of Seringapatam (1799), the kingdom would become a protectorate of the company. [99]

International boundary survey data, maps, correspondence, and files are held by The National Archives. It was Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) practice to show international boundaries on the medium-scale mapping wherever well-defined, and there was enough information to be drawn without significant error. Portrayal of boundaries was agreed with countries concerned, and correspondence with national survey departments provided additional data. Between 1946 and the late 1980s, Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) field parties worked towards establishing ground control (planimetric and height) for mapping, observing national primary and secondary survey frameworks, and assisting with tertiary and cadastral control and levelling. The collection includes results of control surveys by other organisations, some connected to DOS schemes and most used by DOS in its mapping programmes. An affair to remember". The Economist. 27 July 2006. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2016.

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Treaties". Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2010. To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of colonial trade remained in English hands, Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces—a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. [43] In 1655, England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas. [44] Brown, Derek (14 March 2001). "1956: Suez and the end of empire". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018 . Retrieved 19 December 2018. Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler colonist populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of South Asian people emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and Overseas Chinese people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. [274] The demographics of the United Kingdom itself were changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies. [275]

In the East Indies, British and Dutch merchants continued to compete in spices and textiles. With textiles becoming the larger trade, by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch. [56] During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, as the English East India Company and its French counterpart, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, left the British East India Company in control of Bengal and as a major military and political power in India. [64] France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, ending French hopes of controlling India. [65] In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the Presidency Armies, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys, led by British officers. [66] The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756–1763) involving France, Britain, and the other major European powers. [45]Macdonald, Barrie (1994). "Britain". In Howe, K.R.; Kiste, Robert C.; Lal, Brij V (eds.). Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1597-4. Springhall, John (2001). Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires. Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-74600-4. Pettigrew, William A. (2007). "Free to Enslave: Politics and the Escalation of Britain's Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1688–1714". The William and Mary Quarterly. 64 (1): 3–38. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 4491595.