Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press Vullaimy, C. E. Royal George: A Study of King George III, His Experiment in Monarchy, His Decline and Retirement, D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1937. Although armies still employed the bow and crossbows, the new handguns had the advantage of being relatively cheap to manufacture and, more importantly, needed far less training to use. However, the simple bow still had a couple of key advantages; the rate of fire was higher than the new arquebus and the bow could be used in wet weather without the problem of keeping a match cord lit.

Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on 25 March 2004.

Stuart Reid. "All The King's Armies: A Military History of the English Civil War: 1642–1651." History Press: 2007. Chapter 1. Tactics [ edit ] First rank with pikes at "charge for horse" static defensive posture, ready to draw swords if needed. Second rank holding their pikes at "charge" for delivering thrusts. First rank with pikes at "charge", second rank holding pikes at "port". In real action first 3 – 4 ranks will hold their pikes at "charge" (their points projecting forward from the formation front), and those behind will hold weapons at "port" (to avoid injuring front rank friendlies with their points).

A 16th-century pamphlet showing a mixed pike and shot formation. Pikemen are represented by the letter "p", the two "winges of shot" by the letter "o". (The letter "h" represents halberdiers.) A group of "loose shotte" has been pushed forward into the front of the formation. Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol.V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 .

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These battalions were fielded much less deep than the infantry squares of the Spanish, the pikemen being generally described as five to ten ranks deep, the shot eight to twelve ranks. In this way, fewer musketeers were left inactive in the rear of the formation, as was the case with tercios which deployed in a bastioned-square. Schürger, André. The Battle of Lützen: an examination of 17th century military material culture. University of Glasgow, 2015 [1] Romanoni, Fabio (2023). "Balestrieri, pavesari e lance lunghe: la tripartizione funzionale delle cernite di Gian Galeazzo Visconti del 1397". «Castrum paene in mundo singulare». Scritti per Aldo Settia in occasione del novantesimo compleanno (in Italian). Genova: Sagep Editori. pp.214–216. ISBN 979-12-5590-015-3 . Retrieved 22 September 2023. At the 1683 Battle of Vienna, the Imperial Army had set its infantry companies at 61% firearms, 33% pikes, and 6% shieldmen. [25] The English army of the Nine Years War in the 1690s still had 2 muskets for every 1 pike. [26] Meanwhile, by 1687, the French army's ratio was set at 75–80% muskets and 20–25% pikes. [27] Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Fighting Ships Far East (2): Japan and Korea AD 612–1639, New Vanguard 63, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-478-7

Krenn, Peter; Kalaus, Paul; Hall, Bert (1995). "Material Culture and Military History: Test-Firing Early Modern Small Arms". Material Culture Review. 42 (1) – via journals.lib.unb.ca. After familiarizing themselves with the basic rules, the players can use several optional rules including advanced road movement, infantry squares, cavalry dismounts and capturing artillery. In addition to standardizing drill, weapon caliber, pike length, and so on, Maurice turned to his readings in classical military doctrine to establish smaller, more flexible combat formations than the ponderous regiments and tercios which then presided over open battle. Each Dutch battalion was to be 550 men strong, similar to the size of the ancient Roman legionary 480-man cohort described by Vegetius. Although inspired by the Romans, Maurice's soldiers carried the weapons of their day—250 were pikemen and the remaining 300 were arquebusiers and musketeers, 60 of the shot serving as a skirmish screen in front of the battalion, the rest forming up in two equal bodies, one on either side of the pikemen. Two or more of these battalions were to form the regiment, which was thus theoretically 1,100 men or stronger, but unlike the tercio, the regiment had the battalions as fully functional sub-units, each of mixed pike and shot which could, and generally did, operate independently, or could support each other closely. Vaughan, Richard (2002) [1973]. Charles the Bold. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp.205–10. ISBN 0-85115-918-4.

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Dictionary of phrase and fable" By Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, Published by Cassell and Company LTD, 1900

Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, vol.1, A–K, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33733-0