The Urban Reform Movement in the 19th century has led to positive changes in urban planning but also cemented the rigid social classes in American society. A large portion of the Urban Reform movement was led by Protestant reformers who instilled their own measures of moral purity such as temperance. However, the general living conditions of the urban poor did improve with the efforts of the Urban Reform Movement. A morally motivated reform movement has inherent issues, but the urban reform movement did allow for poor Americans to access services previously unavailable. These efforts were a combination of direct service and political activism. Political Activism for Legislative Change Women were expected to participate in the development of model market systems only as informed consumers. Branch complained in his lecture entitled "Practical Market Work for Women" that women had antagonized grocers and dealers with negative articles in the press about high food prices and questionable business practices. He argued that it was not their place to tell them how to run their businesses, any more than it was for grocers or dealers to tell women how to run their households. Women should mind "their own business" and start their reforms "at home." It was their duty to the cause of better markets to inspect food for quality and accuracy of weight and measure before buying. They should also refrain from the credit system, pay cash for their goods, and carry home their food to avoid the cost of delivery. 33

Devolution of power to local levels of government and the proliferation of NGOs does not necessarily guarantee the inclusion of disadvantaged groups – including residents of informal settlements, informal economy operators, refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs). But it does provide an opportunity for the emergence of pro-poor coalitions. The 1950s and 1960s were dismal years for public markets, when corporations began to dominate most branches of the food industry, including retailing, wholesaling, distribution, and processing. Against the growing number and type of food shopping alternatives, public markets failed to generate much-needed revenue for maintenance and renovation, and as a result, city governments found market buildings to be increasingly expendable. It was not until the 1970s that cities reconsidered the effectiveness of public markets in stimulating economic and community development. They responded in different ways, and their projects met with mixed results. 55

Consultations launched in August 2020

Standard method for calculating housing need: The consultation proposed to amend the standard method, which must be used unless “exceptional circumstances” justify another approach. In a statement to the House of Commons on 2 February 2022, the Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Michael Gove, outlined its planning and regeneration measures. For the Opposition, the shadow Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Lisa Nandy, suggested that the white paper was “a shopping list of recycled policies and fiddling the figures”.

Valued green spaces will be protected for future generations by allowing for more building on brownfield land and all new streets to be tree lined During COVID, we offered online services that have proven extremely popular; such as online exercise plans and videos,” explains Dean. Sections 1.5, 2.1 and 6 were updated again on 11 December 2020, when new section 2.5 on implementation and new section 4.2 on the December 2020 consultation on permitted development rights were added and section 1.14 on transition to the new system, section 3.2 on temporary use of land and relevant parts of the summary were also updated. Burke, "To Market, To Market," p. 37; Spitzer and Baum, Public Markets and Community Revitalization, pp. 11–12. Curbside markets, such as this market in Dubuque, Iowa, were less structured and more informal than retail markets. (83-G-3228)The Bill will also require developers to provide Commencement Notices that explain what will be built and where to reduce uncertainty in the system for local authorities, and provide measures that encourage local authorities to agree local plans. The proposals to advance the digitisation of the planning system, plus new powers for local authorities to establish strategic plans and use Supplementary Plans will help introduce more rules-based decision-making into the system.