Anglo, Sydney. "Ill of the dead. The posthumous reputation of Henry VII," Renaissance Studies 1 (1987): 27–47. online The reign of Elizabeth saw Catholics being executed for treason in large numbers. In 1581, the Jesuit priest Thomas Campion was imprisoned in a tiny cell in the Tower of London called the Little Ease before being hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, [91] and another Jesuit priest, Robert Southwell, was imprisoned in Newgate in 1595 before being executed in the same fashion. [125] The House of Tudor ( / ˈ tj uː d ər/) [1] was a dynasty of largely Welsh and English origin that held the English throne from 1485 to 1603. [2] They descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd and Catherine of Valois. The Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster, a cadet house of the Plantagenets. The Tudor family rose to power and started the Tudor period in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), which left the main House of Lancaster (with which the Tudors were aligned) extinct in the male line. Wernham, Richard Bruce. Before the Armada: the growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588 (1966); a standard history of foreign policy The Tudor period in London started with the beginning of the reign of Henry VII in 1485 and ended in 1603 with the death of Elizabeth I. During this period, the population of the city grew enormously, from about 50,000 at the end of the 15th century [1] to an estimated 200,000 by 1603, over 13 times that of the next-largest city in England, Norwich. [2] The city also expanded to take up more physical space, further exceeding the bounds of its old medieval walls to reach as far west as St. Giles by the end of the period. [3] In 1598, the historian John Stow called it "the fairest, largest, richest and best inhabited city in the world". [4] Topography [ edit ]

Hanson, Marilee. https://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor-population-figures-facts/ "Tudor Population Figures & Facts", English History, February 8, 2015 Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII by Catherine of Aragon (the first wife); she closely identified with her Catholic, Spanish heritage. She was next in line for the throne. However, in 1553 as Edward VI lay dying, he and the Duke of Northumberland plotted to make his first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, the new monarch. Northumberland wanted to keep control of the government, and promote Protestantism. Edward signed a devise to alter the succession, but that was not legal, for only Parliament could amend its own acts. Edward's Privy Council kept his death secret for three days to install Lady Jane, but Northumberland had neglected to take control of Princess Mary. She fled and organised a band of supporters, who proclaimed her Queen across the country. The Privy Council abandoned Northumberland, and proclaimed Mary to be the sovereign after nine days of the pretended Jane Grey. Queen Mary imprisoned Lady Jane and executed Northumberland. [44] [45]In 1563 Queen Elizabeth gave the Norman castle of Kenilworth to her favourite male friend, Robert Dudley. Dudley decided to transform the Norman castle and build a whole new castle next to the old one for when Queen Elizabeth came to visit! Plague hit so badly in 1563 in London that the local authorities began to compile death statistics for the first time in the Bills of Mortality. In that year, 20,372 were recorded dead in London across the whole year, 17,404 of whom died of the plague. Some years were much less dangerous: in 1582, only 6,930 deaths were recorded, of which 3,075 were from the plague, but in 1603 the total was 40,040, of which 32,257 died of the plague. [50] The Moroccan ambassador Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud, depicted by an unknown painter in the year of his visit to London If you were a child in a Tudor school, you’d better behave! Teachers were very strict and would punish pupils with 50 strokes of the cane. Pupils with wealthy families would often pay for a “ whipping-boy” for their child – if the rich child misbehaved, the whipping-boy received the punishment! Clapham, John. A concise economic history of Britain: From the earliest times to 1750 (1916), pp.185 to 305 covers 1500 to 1750. online Following his father’s death, Henry VIII became King of England in 1509 and ruled until his death in 1547. Today one of England’s most famous historical figures, Henry VIII is well known for his six marriages – and for having two of his wives beheaded!

Traill, H. D., and J. S. Mann (eds). Social England: a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day: Volume iii: From the accession of Henry VIII to the death of Elizabeth" (1895) online; 876 pp; short essays by experts

Model of the west side of London Bridge, as it would have looked about 1600

In 1535, an officially sanctioned English Bible was published. In 1539, six copies of the Great Bible were placed in St. Paul's Cathedral where anyone could read them or read them aloud to others. [80] Churches were also physically reformed, with jewels, rood lofts and statues of saints being removed. Sometimes these were taken down by officials, but in other churches, such as St. Margaret Pattens, reformist mobs destroyed these objects. [81] Under Edward VI, Protestant reforms were made such as the abolition of chantry chapels and the removal of saints' images and stained glass. [26] Source: Keith Johnston, The Half-Crown Atlas of British History (Edinburgh, Scotland: W. & A. K. Johnston, 1871) 12 Description: A map of England and Wales during the Tudor Period, from the ascension of Henry Tudor (Henry VII) in 1485 at the end of the War of the Roses, to the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. The map shows major cities of the time, major river ways, topography, and political boundaries. Scale in English miles.