Control of nitrogen oxides in feed nitric acid is very important because free nitrogen dioxide can result in oxidation of the methyl group of toluene. This reaction is highly exothermic and carries with it the risk of a runaway reaction leading to an explosion. [ citation needed]

Because of the toxicity of TNT, the discharge of pink water to the environment has been prohibited in the US and many other countries for decades, but ground contamination may exist in very old plants. However, RDX and tetryl contamination is usually considered more problematic, as TNT has very low soil mobility. Red water is significantly more toxic and as such it has always been considered hazardous waste. It has traditionally been disposed of by evaporation to dryness (as the toxic components are not volatile), followed by incineration. Much research has been conducted to develop better disposal processes. [ citation needed] Ecological impact [ edit ] I prefer ‘Añejo’ or aged Tequila in this Tequila and tonic recipe. Its flavor is less harsh, smoother, and smoky flavor and is aged in small oak barrels. Añejo tequila and tonic go well together. Experiment with the Sugar Content in Your Tequila and Tonic Or, as it’s known to some of you, one half of a cheeky Vimto (Charlotte Church, we’re looking at you). Brannon JM, Price CB, Yost SL, Hayes C, Porter B (2005). "Comparison of environmental fate and transport process descriptors of explosives in saline and freshwater systems". Mar. Pollut. Bull. 50 (3): 247–51. Bibcode: 2005MarPB..50..247B. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.008. PMID 15757688.Evidence of the photolysis of TNT has been seen due to the color change to pink of TNT-containing wastewaters when exposed to sunlight. Photolysis is more rapid in river water than in distilled water. Ultimately, photolysis affects the fate of TNT primarily in the aquatic environment but could also affect the fate of TNT in soil when the soil surface is exposed to sunlight. [41] Biodegradation [ edit ] Furman, David; Kosloff, Ronnie; Dubnikova, Faina; Zybin, Sergey V.; Goddard, William A.; Rom, Naomi; Hirshberg, Barak; Zeiri, Yehuda (6 March 2014). "Decomposition of Condensed Phase Energetic Materials: Interplay between Uni- and Bimolecular Mechanisms". Journal of the American Chemical Society. American Chemical Society (ACS). 136 (11): 4192–4200. doi: 10.1021/ja410020f. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 24495109. U.S. Explosive Ordnance, Bureau of Ordnance. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Navy. 1947. p.580. The Eatwell Guide recommends that people should aim to drink 6 to 8 cups or glasses of fluid a day. Water, lower-fat milk and sugar-free drinks, including tea and coffee, all count.

a b c d e f Pennington JC, Brannon JM (February 2002). "Environmental fate of explosives". Thermochimica Acta. 384 (1–2): 163–172. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00801-2. Haderlein SB, Weissmahr KW, Schwarzenbach RP (January 1996). "Specific Adsorption of Nitroaromatic Explosives and Pesticides to Clay Minerals". Environmental Science & Technology. 30 (2): 612–622. Bibcode: 1996EnST...30..612H. doi: 10.1021/es9503701. The ligninolytic physiological phase and manganese peroxidase system of fungi can cause a very limited amount of mineralization of TNT in a liquid culture, though not in soil. An organism capable of the remediation of large amounts of TNT in soil has yet to be discovered. [42] Both wild and transgenic plants can phytoremediate explosives from soil and water. [43] See also [ edit ] Pink water and red water are two distinct types of wastewater related to trinitrotoluene. [32] Pink water is produced from equipment washing processes after munitions filling or demilitarization operations, and as such is generally saturated with the maximum amount of TNT that will dissolve in water (about 150 parts per million (ppm).) However it has an indefinite composition that depends on the exact process; in particular, it may also contain cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) if the plant uses TNT/RDX mixtures, or HMX if TNT/HMX is used. Red water (also known as "Sellite water") is produced during the process used to purify the crude TNT. It has a complex composition containing more than a dozen aromatic compounds, but the principal components are inorganic salts ( sodium sulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate) and sulfonated nitroaromatics. [ citation needed]Wilbrand, J. (1863). "Notiz über Trinitrotoluol". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 128 (2): 178–179. doi: 10.1002/jlac.18631280206. Additional studies have shown that the mobility of TNT degradation products is likely to be lower "than TNT in subsurface environments where specific adsorption to clay minerals dominates the sorption process." [41] Thus, the mobility of TNT and its transformation products are dependent on the characteristics of the sorbent. [41] The mobility of TNT in groundwater and soil has been extrapolated from "sorption and desorption isotherm models determined with humic acids, in aquifer sediments, and soils". [41] From these models, it is predicted that TNT has a low retention and transports readily in the environment. [34] Some military testing grounds are contaminated with wastewater from munitions programs, including contamination of surface and subsurface waters which may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Such contamination, called "pink water", may be difficult and expensive to remedy. [ citation needed] Trinitrotoluene ( / ˌ t r aɪ ˌ n aɪ t r oʊ ˈ t ɒ lj u iː n/), [4] [5] more commonly known as TNT, more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and by its preferred IUPAC name 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is a chemical compound with the formula C 6H 2(NO 2) 3CH 3. TNT is occasionally used as a reagent in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as an explosive material with convenient handling properties. The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be the standard comparative convention of bombs and asteroid impacts. In chemistry, TNT is used to generate charge transfer salts. Hawari J, Beaudet S, Halasz A, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G (2000). "Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54 (5): 605–18. doi: 10.1007/s002530000445. PMID 11131384. S2CID 22362850.

Miller, J. S.; Johansen, R. T. (1976). "Fracturing Oil Shale with Explosives for In Situ Recovery" (PDF). Shale Oil, Tar Sand and Related Fuel Sources: 151. Bibcode: 1976sots.rept...98M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2015. Ayoub K, van Hullebusch ED, Cassir M, Bermond A (2010). "Application of advanced oxidation processes for TNT removal: A review". J. Hazard. Mater. 178 (1–3): 10–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042. PMID 20347218. Akhavan J (2004). The Chemistry of Explosives. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp.11–. ISBN 978-0-85404-640-9.

TNT Cocktail Ingredients

For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so an optimized gasoline and O 2 mixture contains 10.4 megajoules per kilogram). [ citation needed] Detection [ edit ] Urbanski T (1964). Chemistry and Technology of Explosives. Vol.1. Pergamon Press. pp.389–91. ISBN 978-0-08-010238-2. What even is it? No one really knows, but we do know it comes in roughly a gazillion flavours. So, yeah… People exposed to TNT over a prolonged period tend to experience anemia and abnormal liver functions. Blood and liver effects, spleen enlargement and other harmful effects on the immune system have also been found in animals that ingested or breathed trinitrotoluene. There is evidence that TNT adversely affects male fertility. [27] TNT is listed as a possible human carcinogen, with carcinogenic effects demonstrated in animal experiments with rats, although effects upon humans so far amount to none (according to IRIS of March 15, 2000). [28] Consumption of TNT produces red urine through the presence of breakdown products and not blood as sometimes believed. [29]

In industry, TNT is produced in a three-step process. First, toluene is nitrated with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to produce mononitrotoluene (MNT). The MNT is separated and then renitrated to dinitrotoluene (DNT). In the final step, the DNT is nitrated to trinitrotoluene (TNT) using an anhydrous mixture of nitric acid and oleum. Nitric acid is consumed by the manufacturing process, but the diluted sulfuric acid can be reconcentrated and reused. After nitration, TNT is stabilized by a process called sulfitation, where the crude TNT is treated with aqueous sodium sulfite solution to remove less stable isomers of TNT and other undesired reaction products. The rinse water from sulfitation is known as red water and is a significant pollutant and waste product of TNT manufacture. [11] Figure of Insensitivity | 1 Publications | 12 Citations | Top Authors | Related Topics". SciSpace - Topic . Retrieved 2023-07-21.One of the few alcopops to survive the great alcopop cull and stagger into the next century. Bravo. a b "2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).