Decoctions are made by boiling woody pieces for a specified period of time and filtered. Potash may be added to aid extraction and as preservative. Okafor JC. Tropical Plants in Healthcare Delivery in Nigeria: A Guide in the Treatment of Common Ailments and Conditions. Ibadan, Nigeria: Book Builders Publishers; 2013

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World Health Organization. National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicine: Report of a WHO Global Survey. Geneva: WHO; 2005 Exorcism: This is a practice of expelling demons or evil spirits from people or places that are possessed or are in danger of being possessed by them. Many of the traditional communities believe that illness, especially mental illness, is mostly caused by evil spirits. Exorcism can only be performed by a religious leader or a priest who has the authorities and powers to do so. Sometimes, an effigy made of clay or wax would be used to represent the demon and would ultimately be destroyed. Exorcism may be accompanied by dancing to the beating of drums, singing, and sometimes flogging the individual or touching him/her with strange objects such as animal tails and other objects to chase out the spirit. The possessed individual would be somewhat agitated but would only calm down as soon as the spirit is removed from the body. Exorcism is practiced, not only in Africa but also in ancient Babylonian, Greek, and other ancient cultures of the Middle East. This practice is also performed for those who are mentally challenged. In their view, until the possessed person is delivered from the power of that evil spirit, the person will not have his or her freedom. Hence, the practice of exorcism is considered necessary [ 37].Traditional medicine features in the lives of thousands of people in South Africa every day. In fact, it is estimated that 80% of the population uses traditional medicines that are collectively called muti. Muti is a word derived from medicinal plant and refers to traditionally sourced plant, mineral, and animal-based medicines. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2020-03-17 14:04:27 Boxid IA1796304 Camera USB PTP Class Camera Col_number COL-609 Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier

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Bark—The outer protective layer of the tree stem or trunk. It contains highly concentrated phytochemicals with profound medicinal properties. A host of plants have barks of high medicinal value. Connecting with your intimate needs can and should be an important part of your life. Sexual pleasure can cut down on your stress levels, facilitate better bonding with your partner or deepen your own self-knowledge.Libation: Libation involves pouring of some liquid, mostly local gin on the ground or sometimes on objects followed by the chanting or reciting of words. It is usually regarded as a form of prayer. The liquid could also be water or in modern times, wine, whisky, schnapps, or gin. Some cultures also use palm wine, palm oil, and coconut water, while some others use corn flour mixed with water [ 38]. Libation pouring as is practiced in some communities has three main parts, namely invocation, supplication, and conclusion. Most people in Ghana fully accept modern science-based medicine, but traditional medicine is still held in high regard. They believe in the physical and spiritual aspects of healing. Herbal spiritualists collectively called “ bokomowo” indulge in occult practices, divinations, and prayers and are common all over the country. Tribal vernacular names of traditional healers include “ gbedela” (Ewe), “ kpeima” (Dagomba), “ odunsini” (Akan), and “ isofatse” (Ga). Akerele O. Traditional medicine: Nature’s medicinal Bounty: Don’t throw it away. World Health Forum. 1993; 4:390-395 Ekeanyanwu CR. Traditional medicine in Nigeria: Current status and the future. Research Journal of Pharmacology. 2011; 5(6):90-94

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Getting less than seven hours of sleep a night makes you more prone to mood swings and can impede your decision-making abilities or creativity. You won’t be able to concentrate or problem-solve as effectively. In addition it can increase your risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and weaken your immune system. At Ancient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there exist countless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts that have yet to be discovered and explained. N’anga (spiritual healer or herbalist) of the Shona people. Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. ( CC BY SA 3.0 )

Invocation: They first invoke the presence of the almighty God, mother earth, and the ancestors. According to the practitioners of libation pouring, offering the ancestors and spirits drink is a way of welcoming them The first principle is diagnosis followed by complex treatment procedures using plants from the bush, followed by many rituals, the ultimate aim being to cure disease. Serious or chronic illnesses require “chizimba,” which means sealing a disease or illness away forever. This involves killing a lizard and burning the heart with roots of certain trees and grinding with charcoal. Tiny cuts are made on the ailing area and left breast and the mixture rubbed into the cuts. Busia, K. & Kasilo, O. M., 2010. Overview of Traditional Medicine in ECOWAS Member States. Available at: http://www.aho.afro.who.int/en/ahm/issue/13/reports/overview-traditional-medicine-ecowas-member-states Abd El-Ghani MM. Traditional medicinal plants in Nigeria: An overview. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2016; 7(5):220-247 Bulbs—A bulb is an underground structure made up of numerous leaves of fleshy scales, e.g., Allium sativa (garlic) and Allium cepa (onions).

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Hamman O. The Joint ICUN-WWF plants conservation programme and its interest in medicinal plants. In: Akerele et al., editors. Conservation of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991. pp. 199-212 Phua DH, Zosel A, Heard K. Dietary supplements and herbal medicine toxicities—When to anticipate them and how to manage them. International Journal of Emerging Medicine. 2009; 2(2):69-76

Llaila Olela Afrika has taught and studied in countries such as Africa, Europe, and of course, America. Dr. Afrika lectures and gives workshops on eighty different topics in America, the Caribbean, Latin America and Europe. He is the author of over 80 CD’s, DVD’s and books on various health, history and nutrition topics.