Chertow, Marian R. (2000-12-01). "Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25 (1): 313–337. doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.313. ISSN 1056-3466. Lund University [Press Release] (Sep 29, 2021). "Circular economy is not the panacea many had hoped for". Lund University. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29 . Retrieved October 7, 2021. a b Aggeri, Frank (2020). The Circular Economy: Historical Perspective and Contemporary Issues. Wiley. pp.3–12 . Retrieved 2 April 2023. a b c "Circular economy: definition, importance and benefits | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 2015-02-12 . Retrieved 2021-10-07.

Focusing on the most resource-intensive sectors with a high potential to contribute to the circular economy. Most countries that are in the lead in the field of circular economy are European countries, meaning that Europe in general is in the lead group at the moment. The reasons behind this are numerous. First of all, circular economy is a field that is, at the moment mostly advanced in the developed countries, thanks to, between others, technology. [234] The efforts of the European Commission are also non negligible, with documents such as the Commission staff working document "Leading the way to a global circular economy: state of play and outlook" [235] or the new action plan for circular economy in Europe, [236] being one of the main blocs of the green deal. [237] Other definitions and precise thresholds that separate linear from circular activity have also been developed in the economic literature. [29] [24] [25] History and aims [ edit ]English–Arabic English–Bengali English–Catalan English–Czech English–Danish English–Hindi English–Korean English–Malay English–Marathi English–Russian English–Tamil English–Telugu English–Thai English–Turkish English–Ukrainian English–Vietnamese David W. Pearce and R. Kerry Turner (1989). Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801839870.

On 17 December 2012, the European Commission published a document entitled "Manifesto for a Resource Efficient Europe". [212] The various approaches to 'circular' business and economic models share several common principles with other conceptual frameworks:The Netherlands set a plan of action for circular economy in 2016 and have been doing additional efforts for a transition towards a 100% circular economy by 2050 (and 50% by 2030). The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research estimates that a full shift towards Circular Economy will, at the long term, generate not less than 7.3 billion euros and 540,000 new jobs in the sector. The work will be developed around the five pillars mentioned above: plastics, biomass and food, the construction sector, the manufacturing industry, and consumer goods. [229] The government has also put a fund in place to facilitate and accelerate the shift. These funds are part of the 300 million € annually spent by the government for climate-related decisions and actions. The envelope is also completed by the ministry of infrastructure, which allocated €40 million for circular economy-related actions in 2019 and 2020. Other actions such as an allocation of subsidies for enterprises that make change or invest in the field have been taken. Initiatives at the subnational level are also encouraged and regions such as Groningen, Friesland, the Northern Netherlands, etc. ere taking actions to not only reduce their environmental impact but accelerate and accentuate their actions towards Circular economy. [246] The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg [ edit ] The circular economy includes products, infrastructure, equipment and services, [49] and applies to every industry sector. It includes 'technical' resources (metals, minerals, fossil resources) and 'biological' resources (food, fibres, timber, etc.). [20] Most schools of thought advocate a shift from fossil fuels to the use of renewable energy, and emphasize the role of diversity as a characteristic of resilient and sustainable systems. The circular economy includes a discussion of the role of money and finance as part of the wider debate, and some of its pioneers have called for a revamp of economic performance measurement tools. [50] One study points out how modularisation could become a cornerstone to enabling a circular economy and enhancing the sustainability of energy infrastructure. [51] One example of a circular economy model is the implementation of renting models in traditional ownership areas (e.g. electronics, clothes, furniture, transportation). By renting the same product to several clients, manufacturers can increase revenues per unit, thus decreasing the need to produce more to increase revenues. Recycling initiatives are often described as circular economy and are likely to be the most widespread models. [50] The matrix captures the value stream for various suppliers providing increasing levels of complexity of products and services. It is important to note that these suppliers will change throughout the life cycle. In the design phase of the complex engineering system, traditionally, the systems-level suppliers would only be those suppliers who are integrating the engineering system itself. Later in the life cycle, the initial systems-level suppliers will be joined by other suppliers operating at a systems level, who may deliver products and services that facilitate the operation and usage of the initial engineering system. [131] Circular Engineering Lifecycle Implementation Challenges and Opportunities [ edit ]

Geissdoerfer, M., Pieroni, M.P., Pigosso, D.C. and Soufani, K. (2020). "Circular business models: A review" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 277: 123741. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123741. S2CID 225282542. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)Oil and gas energy resources are incompatible with the idea of a circular economy, since they are defined as "development that meets the needs of the present while compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". [174] A sustainable circular economy can only be powered by renewable energies, such as wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal. [175] In 2010, the concept of circular economy started to become popular internationally after the publication of several reports. [32] Pearce & Turner, Economics Natural Resources Environment | Pearson". www.pearson.com . Retrieved 2021-10-07. In 2018, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) established a technical committee, TC 323, in the field of circular economy to develop frameworks, guidance, supporting tools, and requirements for the implementation of activities of all involved organizations, to maximize the contribution to Sustainable Development. [124] Four new ISO standards are under development and in the direct responsibility of the committee (consisting of 70 participating members and 11 observing members). [ citation needed] Strategic management in a circular economy [ edit ]