Sun SR, Kolev S, Wang HX et al (2017) Investigations of discharge and post-discharge in a gliding arc: a 3D computational study. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 26(5):055017

Fujian Torch Electron Technology Co., Ltd. Reports Earnings Results for the Full Year Ended December 31, 2021 leading to the formation of the electron trajectories [5] providing a plasma generation. The dependence on r suggests that the gas ion motion is most intense in the outer region of the flame, where the temperature is the greatest. In the real torch, the flame is cooled from the outside by the cooling gas, so the hottest outer part is at thermal equilibrium. There temperature reaches 5 000–6 000 K. [7] For more rigorous description, see Hamilton–Jacobi equation in electromagnetic fields. H. Peng, Y. Lan, and C. Xi, Modeling of Plasma Jets with Computed Inlet Profiles, Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, C.K. Wu, Ed., Peking University Press, Beijing, 1997, p 338-343 G. V. Miloshevsky, G. S. Romanov, V. I. Tolkach and I. Yu. Smurov, Simulation of the Dynamics of Two-Phase Plasma Jet in the Atmosphere. Proceedings of III International Conference on Plasma Physics and Plasma Technology, Minsk, Belarus, September 18-22, 2000, p 244-247 Trelles JP, Heberlein JVR, Pfender E (2007) Non-equilibrium modelling of arc plasma torches. J Phys D Appl Phys 40(19):5937–5952Wittig, G. et al. Optical plasma torch electron bunch generation in plasma wakefield accelerators. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 18, 081304 (2015). Fujian Torch Electron Technology Co., Ltd. Reports Earnings Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 On behalf of Torch Electron, we cordially invite you to attend the upcoming Hong Kong Electronics Fair 2023 (Autumn Edition). The fair will be held from October 13th to 16th, and our booth number is 5C-A29. Wei FZ, Wang HX, Murphy AB et al (2013) Numerical modelling of the nonequilibrium expansion process of argon plasma flow through a nozzle. J Phys D Appl Phys 46(50):505205

Trelles JP, Pfender E, Heberlein JVR (2007) Modelling of the arc reattachment process in plasma torches. J Phys D Appl Phys 40(18):5635–5648 Ridenti MA, de Amorim J, Dal Pino A et al (2018) Causes of plasma column contraction in surface-wave-driven discharges in argon at atmospheric pressure. Phys Rev E 97(1):013201 Electron density is one of the key parameters in the physics of a gas discharge. In this contribution the application of the Stark broadening method to determine the electron density in low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma jets is discussed. An overview of the available theoretical Stark broadening calculations of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated atomic lines is presented. The difficulty in the evaluation of the fine structure splitting of lines, which is important at low electron density, is analysed and recommendations on the applicability of the method for low ionization degree plasmas are given. Different emission line broadening mechanisms under atmospheric pressure conditions are discussed and an experimental line profile fitting procedure for the determination of the Stark broadening contribution is suggested. Available experimental data is carefully analysed for the Stark broadening of lines in plasma jets excited over a wide range of frequencies from dc to MW and pulsed mode. Finally, recommendations are given concerning the application of the Stark broadening technique for the estimation of the electron density under typical conditions of plasma jets.

Vardelle A, Moreau C, Akedo J et al (2016) The 2016 thermal spray roadmap. J Therm Spray Technol 25(8):1376–1440 Rosenzweig, J. B. et al. Experimental observation of plasma wake-field acceleration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 98–101 (1988). Fujian Torch Electron Technology Plans to Spin Off Electronic Unit for Float on Shanghai Star Market S. Paik, P.C. Huang, J. Heberlein, and E. Pfender, Determination of the Arc Root Position in a DC Plasma Torch, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 1993, 13(3), p 379-397

Liang P, Trelles JP (2019) 3D numerical investigation of a free-burning argon arc with metal electrodes using a novel sheath coupling procedure. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 28(11):115012 R. Westhoff and J. Szekely, A Model of Fluid, Heat Flow, and Electromagnetic Phenomena in a Nontransferred Arc Plasma Torch, J. Appl. Phys., 1991, 70(7), p 3455-3466 Wang HX, He QS, Murphy AB et al (2017) Numerical simulation of nonequilibrium species diffusion in a low-power nitrogen–hydrogen arcjet thruster. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 37(3):877–895 Paper Development and diagnosis of an atmospheric pressure plasma torch for investigating magnetohydrodynamic instabilities

Geddes, C. G. et al. Plasma-density-gradient injection of low absolute-momentum-spread electron bunches. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 215004 (2008). Paper Electron density measurement in atmospheric pressure plasma jets: Stark broadening of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated lines Bourgeois, N., Cowley, J. & Hooker, S. M. Two-pulse ionization injection into quasilinear laser wakefields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 155004 (2013). When a time-varying electric current is passed through the coil, it creates a time-varying magnetic field around it, with flux