In the industrialized world, the United States is the world's biggest consumer of prescription opioids, with Italy being one of the lowest, because of tighter regulations on prescribing narcotics for pain relief. [143] Most opium imported into the United States is broken down into its alkaloid constituents, and whether legal or illegal, most current drug use occurs with processed derivatives such as heroin rather than with unrefined opium. I often wear Zara fragrances and find them suitable for special occasions, despite being just a fraction of the price of designer fragrances. They are long lasting and many, including Gardenia, have great sillage and projection.

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Morewood, Samuel (1838). A philosophical and statistical history of the inventions and customs of ancient and modern nations in the manufacture and use of inebriating liquors; with the present practice of distillation in all its varieties: together with an extensive illustration of the consumption and effects of opium, and other stimulants used in the East, as substitutes for wine and spirits. Dublin, W. Curry and W. Carson. Chandra, Siddharth (2008). "Economic Histories of the Opium Trade". Archived from the original on September 28, 2013.Martin, Steven. The Art of Opium Antiques. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2007. Photographs and history of Chinese and Vietnamese opium-smoking paraphernalia.

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Jennifer Hull (June 24, 2001). "Eastern Europe Shooting Up Under A Red Star". Time . Retrieved April 17, 2020. Bradley, James (2009). The Imperial Cruise: a secret history of empire and war. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-0-316-00895-2.

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Zhang, Sarah (January 9, 2019). "Why a Medieval Woman Had Lapis Lazuli Hidden in Her Teeth". The Atlantic . Retrieved May 10, 2020. Letter from Macfarlan Smith". Archived from the original on March 22, 2009 . Retrieved March 21, 2010. Meadway C, George S, Braithwaite R (August 31, 1998). "Opiate concentrations following the ingestion of poppy seed products—evidence for 'the poppy seed defence' ". Forensic Science International. 96 (1): 29–38. doi: 10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00107-8. PMID 9800363.

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Map showing the amount of opium produced in China in 1908: The quote "We English, by the policy we have pursued, are morally responsible for every acre of land in China which is withdrawn from the cultivation of grain and devoted to that of the poppy; so that the fact of the growth of the drug in China ought only to increase our sense of responsibility." is by Lord Justice Fry. Honestly, what’s not to love about Revolution? They make amazing dupes of makeup and skincare, and their perfumes are really good too. Plus, they’re a cruelty free brand. The use of diethyl ether and chloroform for general anesthesia began in 1846–1847, and rapidly displaced the use of opiates and tropane alkaloids from Solanaceae due to their relative safety. [103] a b Rewriting history, A response to the 2008 World Drug Report, Transnational Institute, June 2008 Opium timeline". The Golden Triangle. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009 . Retrieved September 13, 2009.

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David William Bebbington (1993). William Ewart Gladstone: Faith and Politics in Victorian Britain. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp.108–. ISBN 978-0-8028-0152-4.

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Alfred W. McCoy (1972). "The politics of heroin in Southeast Asia". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007 . Retrieved September 24, 2007.Musto, David F. The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Legal opium production is allowed under the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and other international drug treaties, subject to strict supervision by the law enforcement agencies of individual countries. The leading legal production method is the Robertson- Gregory process, whereby the entire poppy, excluding roots and leaves, is mashed and stewed in dilute acid solutions. The alkaloids are then recovered via acid-base extraction and purified. The exact date of its discovery is unknown, but it was described by Wurtz in his Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée published in 1868. [135] Trafkowski, J; Madea, B; Musshoff, F (August 2006). "The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of poppy seed products". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 28 (4): 552–8. doi: 10.1097/00007691-200608000-00011. PMID 16885724. S2CID 22585610.